The number of Iranian diabetes researchers on physical activity is increasing, and the majority of clinical studies had a high level of evidence. With maintaining previous interests and investigations, there should be more emphasis on research in elderly and children age groups as evidence gap in Iran. Also, longitudinal cohort studies should be highlighted and Iranian researchers should be encouraged to participate in new topics of research worldwide.The number of Iranian diabetes researchers on physical activity is increasing, and the majority of clinical studies had a high level of evidence. With maintaining previous interests and investigations, there should be more emphasis on research in elderly and children age groups as evidence gap in Iran. Also, longitudinal cohort studies should be highlighted and Iranian researchers should be encouraged to participate in new topics of research worldwide. The 5 Alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5ARD2) is an inherited condition, which clinically presents as variable degrees of under virilization in affected 46,XY individuals. In the diagnostic pathway of 5ARD2, the testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) ratio is broadly employed before molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene. However, due to cost-benefit considerations, the DHT test in our country is routinely lacking in clinical settings; therefore, we considered applying the urinary etiocholanolone/androsterone (Et/An) ratio as an alternative test. We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of the urinary Et/An ratio versus the T/DHT ratio in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and carriers. Sixty-six suspected 5ARD2 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) individuals and 95 family members were recruited in the study. Their clinical manifestations, T/DHT and urinary Et/An ratios, and genes were analyzed. Using molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene as the gold standard, we compared the accuracy of both ratiosaccurate in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients. When molecular analysis for the SRD5A2 gene is lacking, the urinary Et/An ratio may be a useful test to diagnose 5ARD2 patients and carriers. Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) are supposed to be more aggressive and require more frequent treatment compared to non-familial thyroid cancer. This matched case-control study aimed to compare the response to treatment between the matched case-control groups of familial and sporadic NMTC. This is a retrospective study in patients with familial NMTC (at least one other first-degree relative involved) who were treated with surgery, followed by radio-iodine therapy (RIT) without consideration of its familial origin. Response to treatment was compared between familial NMTC and age, sex, and TNM stage-matched non-familial NMTC (control group). Response to treatment was assessed one and two years after RIT, and time to excellent response was identified. Out of 2,944 NMTC patients, 81 (2.75%) patients had familial NMTC. We compared 66 patients with familial NMTC and 66 sporadic NMTC patients. There was no significant difference in first thyroglobulin, initial and accumulative iodine dose, and additional treatments (additional surgery and radiotherapy) between patients and controls. Although no significant difference was noted in one and two years' responses to treatment between the case and control groups, familial NMTC patients required more time to achieve excellent response (26.7 ± 24.9 versus 15.9 ± 9.0 months, P = 0.01). No significant difference was noted between familial NMTC patients with two or more than two involved relatives. Our study showed that if patients with familial NMTCs were treated in the same way as non-familial patients, the time to excellent response would be significantly longer, even when they have only one other involved relative.Our study showed that if patients with familial NMTCs were treated in the same way as non-familial patients, the time to excellent response would be significantly longer, even when they have only one other involved relative. Further studies are needed to extend our knowledge about the association between male infertility and cardio-metabolic disorders. We aimed to assess the association between male infertility and cardiometabolic disturbances using a population-based design. In total, 1611 participants of the Tehran-Lipid and Glucose-Study (phase III) were categorized into two groups of men with documented male infertility (n = 88) and those with at least one live birth and no history of primary infertility (n = 1523). Logistic regression was applied to explore the association between male infertility and cardiometabolic disturbances, including diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, obesity, central obesity, and chronic kidney disease, following adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI). The unadjusted model revealed a significant association between infertility and hypertension and CKD (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.2, 2.9, P-value = 0.006 and OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.1, 3.6, P-value = 0.033), respectively. However, after adjusting for age and BMI, as potential confounders, this association was not significant. Moreover, there was no association between infertility and other cardiometabolic disturbances, including diabetes and pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, obesity, and central obesity in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Our study revealed no association between male infertility and cardiometabolic disturbances. The findings can pave the way for further studies to extend our knowledge in this field. More population-based studies with a large sample size are warranted to confirm these findings.Our study revealed no association between male infertility and cardiometabolic disturbances. The findings can pave the way for further studies to extend our knowledge in this field. More population-based studies with a large sample size are warranted to confirm these findings. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the severe acute complications of diabetes. It has long been considered a key clinical characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with severe and irreversible deficient insulin levels. Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) has pathophysiology close to T2DM but shows signs and symptoms associated with T1DM. selleck screening library In general, patients with ketosis-prone diabetes display elevated glucose and ketone levels; also, a higher hemoglobin A C than conventional T2DM. The current research aimed to elucidate the clinical presentation and outline a management plan for KPD in the Indian population. The present case series is a descriptive, prospective, and observational case series on six unprovoked cases of KPD. They were managed using the standard protocol of DKA management. The recruited cases followed a set pattern of very high insulin requirement at diagnosis. On follow-up, the insulin requirement progressively declined, and all of the cases were able to stop insulin therapy after a mean period of four weeks.