We have also discussed the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of stereotactic surgery.Current inputs with a specific frequency tend to be output as a large voltage response in some neurons. This property is called resonance and is thought to be the basis for the frequency response of neurons. In this review, I summarize the molecules required for generating resonance.Circadian rhythms are oscillations with an approximately 24-h period and appear in most of the physiological events of our body. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus functions as the central circadian clock in mammals and entrains to the environmental light/dark (day/night) cycle. Here, I briefly review the molecular, cellular, and anatomical structures of the SCN, present findings of recent studies on the differential roles of multiple neuropeptides and neuropeptide-expressing neurons in the SCN, and discuss the mechanisms of the SCN network.Dopamine (DA) plays an important role in the basal ganglia (BG) for motor control, and DA deficiency as seen in Parkinson's disease, causes movement disorders. this website DA activates the direct pathway nerve via the D1 receptor (D1R) and inhibits the indirect pathway nerve via the D2 receptor (D2R). To understand the role of DA signaling, we review recent studies of the roles of D1R and D2R with respect to motor control, neural activity and memory learning using genetically engineered mice, and investigate their involvement in the BG oscillation phenomenon.Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) generally induces hyperpolarization and inhibition in the adult brain, but causes depolarization (and can be excitatory) in the immature brain. Because GABA homeodynamics), alternating inhibition and excitation, and could be the underlying mechanism of modal shifts in cellular and network oscillations. An ontogenic modal shift in GABA actions is required for normal development, but an aversive reverse modal shift in adults could occur occasionally. Thus any disturbance in this ordinal developmental GABA modal shift, resulting in an abnormal temporal window of depolarizing (excitatory) GABA action, could be the underlying pathogenesis of diverse neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases. Therapeutic response was evaluated among new apremilast, methotrexate (MTX), or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) initiators with oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients with oligoarticular PsA in the Corrona PsA/Spondyloarthritis Registry initiating treatment with apremilast, MTX, or bDMARD, and completing 6-month follow-up were included. In total, 150 patients initiated monotherapy (apremilast n = 34; MTX n = 15; bDMARD n = 101). Apremilast initiators had higher baseline disease activity than MTX initiators. At follow-up, apremilast initiators experienced numerically greater disease activity improvements than MTX initiators and similar improvements to bDMARD initiators. Findings suggest apremilast monotherapy is an effective option for patients with oligoarticular PsA.Findings suggest apremilast monotherapy is an effective option for patients with oligoarticular PsA. Few studies have estimated the healthcare resource usage of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The purpose of this study was to compare hospitalization among incident cases of SSc vs age- and sex-matched comparators. A retrospective, population-based cohort of patients with SSc in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 2016, was assembled. A 21 cohort of age- and sex-matched patients without SSc from the same population was randomly selected for comparison. All hospitalizations in the geographic area from January 1, 1987, to September 30, 2018, were obtained. Rates of hospitalization, lengths of stay, and readmissions were compared between groups. There were 76 incident SSc cases and 155 non-SSc comparators (mean age 56 ± 16 yrs at diagnosis/ index, 91% female) included. Rates of hospitalization among cases and comparators were 31.9 and 17.9 per 100 person-years, respectively (rate ratio [RR] 1.78, 95% CI 1.52-2.08). Hospitalization rates were higher in patients with SSc than comparators during the first 5 years after SSc diagnosis (RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.70-2.74). This difference decreased over time and was no longer significant at ≥ 15 years after SSc incidence/index. Lengths of stay (median [IQR] 4 [2-6] vs 3 [2-6], = 0.52) and readmission rates (25% vs 23%, = 0.51) were similar between groups. Patients with SSc were hospitalized more frequently than comparators, indicating high inpatient care needs in this population. Hospitalization rates were highest during the first 5 years following SSc diagnosis.Patients with SSc were hospitalized more frequently than comparators, indicating high inpatient care needs in this population. Hospitalization rates were highest during the first 5 years following SSc diagnosis. Gout is reportedly associated with a higher incidence of cancer. However, patients with gout tend to have several cancer-related factors including obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, thus, the precise association between gout and cancer risk remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the risk of cancer in Korean patients with gout. Based on the Korea Health Insurance Service database, the subjects comprised patients aged 41-55 years with gout newly diagnosed between 2003 and 2007. We used a multivariable-adjusted Cox-proportional hazard model in gout patients and a 12 ratio for the matched controls by age, sex, and index year. We compared 4,176 patients with gout with 8,352 controls. The mean age and followup duration were 48.8 years and 10.1 years in both groups. Overall cancer risk was significantly different between gout patients and controls (HR 1.224, 95% CI 1.073-1.398). The all-cause mortality (HR 1.457, 95% CI 1.149-1.847) and cancer mortality (HR 1.470, 95% CI 1.020- 2.136) were higher in gout patients. In the subgroup analysis, the cancer risk of the stomach (HR 1.710, 95% CI 1.221-2.395), head and neck (HR 1.850, 95% CI 1.071-3.196), and hematologic or lymphoid organ (HR 2.849, 95% CI 1.035-7.844) was higher in gout patients. Patients aged 41-55 years with gout have a higher risk of cancer and all-cause and cancer mortality compared with the general population. Therefore, special attention should be paid to higher cancer risk and mortality in these patients who are diagnosed in middle age.Patients aged 41-55 years with gout have a higher risk of cancer and all-cause and cancer mortality compared with the general population. Therefore, special attention should be paid to higher cancer risk and mortality in these patients who are diagnosed in middle age.