Slight, significant changes were noted between waves one and two particularly among those with the largest networks. Almost no significant differences were observed between waves two and three, either in terms of network size, composition, or density. Data come from three waves of a Chicago-based panel study of young men who have sex with men. The emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with a point mutation in the spike (S) protein, D614G, has taken precedence over the original Wuhan isolate by May 2020. With an increased infection and transmission rate, it is imperative to determine whether antibodies induced against the D614 isolate may cross-neutralise against the G614 variant. Antibody profiling against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein of the D614 variant by flow cytometry and assessment of neutralising antibody titres using pseudotyped lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S protein of either the D614 or G614 variant tagged with a luciferase reporter were performed on plasma samples from COVID-19 patients with known D614G status ( =44 infected with D614, =6 infected with G614, =7 containing all other clades O, S, L, V, G, GH or GR). Profiling of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity reveals similar neutralisation profiles against both S protein variants, albeit waning neutralising antibody capacity at the later phase of infection. Of clinical importance, patients infected with either the D614 or G614 clade elicited a similar degree of neutralisation against both pseudoviruses, suggesting that the D614G mutation does not impact the neutralisation capacity of the elicited antibodies. Cross-reactivity occurs at the functional level of the humoral response on both the S protein variants, which suggests that existing serological assays will be able to detect both D614 and G614 clades of SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, there should be negligible impact towards the efficacy of antibody-based therapies and vaccines that are currently being developed.Cross-reactivity occurs at the functional level of the humoral response on both the S protein variants, which suggests that existing serological assays will be able to detect both D614 and G614 clades of SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, there should be negligible impact towards the efficacy of antibody-based therapies and vaccines that are currently being developed. Nurses are the main administrators of opioids in hospitals and enjoy some autonomy when using them to manage pain. Nevertheless evidence suggests they exercise this freedom restrictively with the reasons for this self-limitation remaining unclear. Nurses are influenced by personal and professional values and by patients' attributes. Intoxicated patients pose a particular challenge. This study therefore investigated whether cautious attitudes towards opioids were aggravated in intoxicated patients and influenced by personal values. A two-version questionnaire was developed. Each presented a case vignette describing a patient in acute pain who was either intoxicated or not intoxicated. Questionnaires contained identical case statements inquiring about concerns regarding opioids, preferred analgesics and statements about opioids and personal values. They were distributed prospectively in a cross-sectional, multi-centre design. Equal distribution of both questionnaires was achieved through randomization of waent'). Therefore, stigmatizing mental models likely contribute to nurses' reluctance to use opioids. Interestingly, personal ambition might protect nurses from discriminatory thoughts and practice.Nurses were concerned giving opioids to intoxicated patients and preferred non-opioids instead. These concerns were predicted by personal values representing 'Conservation' ('conformity') and 'Self-Enhancement' ('achievement'). Therefore, stigmatizing mental models likely contribute to nurses' reluctance to use opioids. Interestingly, personal ambition might protect nurses from discriminatory thoughts and practice.Background Many small and malnourished infants under 6 months of age have problems with breastfeeding and restoring effective exclusive breastfeeding is a common treatment goal. Assessment is a critical first step of case management, but most malnutrition guidelines do not specify how best to do this. We aimed to identify breastfeeding assessment tools for use in assessing at-risk and malnourished infants in resource-poor settings. Methods We systematically searched Medline and Embase; Web of Knowledge; Cochrane Reviews; Eldis and Google Scholar databases. Also the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), CAse REport guidelines, Emergency Nutrition Network, and Field Exchange websites. Assessment tool content was analysed using a framework describing breastfeeding 'domains' (baby's behaviour; mother's behaviour; position; latching; effective feeding; breast health; baby's health; mother's view of feed; number, timing and length of feeds). Results We idearch is important to refine existing tools and develop new ones. see more Rigorous testing, especially against outcomes such as breastfeeding status and growth, is key.Background There is a mutual effect between central obesity and low total serum testosterone. Moreover, oxidative stress acts as a bridge between obesity and its complications. Taken together, we aimed to evaluate whether atorvastatin (AS), a cholesterol-lowering drug, has protective potential against high fat diet (HFD)-induced low fertility, which was exemplified in serum testosterone determination. Moreover, we aimed to deduce a putative mechanism of action through evaluation of the testicular oxidant/antioxidant system. Methods Adult male albino Wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus albinus) were divided into three groups 1) normal control group, rats were fed a normal diet for four weeks; 2) HFD group, rats were fed an HFD for four weeks; and 3) AS group, rats were fed an HFD and 5 mg/kg/day atorvastatin for the last two weeks of the experiment. Serum atherogenic index, testosterone, and thyroid stimulating hormone were estimated. Moreover, testicular reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde contents, as well as glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities were also determined.