We present clinical, genetic, and functional data supporting a causative role of the SNCA c.215C>T (p.Thr72Met) variant in familial PD. Testing for this variant in patients with PD, especially of Turkish origin, might detect additional carriers. Further functional analyses might offer new insights into the shared biochemical properties of the PD-causing SNCA missense variants, and how they lead to neurodegeneration. T (p.Thr72Met) variant in familial PD. Testing for this variant in patients with PD, especially of Turkish origin, might detect additional carriers. Further functional analyses might offer new insights into the shared biochemical properties of the PD-causing SNCA missense variants, and how they lead to neurodegeneration. We previously showed, in people starting treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), that stress is neither necessary nor sufficient for lapses to drug use to occur, despite an association between the two. Both theoretical clarity and case-by-case prediction accuracy may require initial differentiation among patients. To examine (a) evidence for distinct overall trajectories of momentary stress during OUD treatment, (b) relationships between stress trajectory and treatment response, and (c) relationships between stress trajectory and momentary changes in stress and craving prior to lapses. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect ratings of stress and craving 3x/day for up to 16 weeks in 211 outpatients during agonist treatment for OUD. With growth mixture models, we identified trajectories of stress. We used mixed effect models to examine trajectory-group differences in the dynamics of stress and craving just before lapses to any drug use. We identified four trajectories of stress Increasing (13.7 %); Moderate and Stable (23.7 %); Declining and Increasing (18 %); and Low (44.6 %). Overall drug use and opioid craving were lowest in the Low Stress group. Overall drug use was highest in the Moderate and Stable group. Alcohol use and opioid craving were highest in the Increasing Stress group. Opioid craving increased before lapse for most groups, but stress increased before lapses for only the Moderate and Stable group. There are natural groupings of participants with distinct patterns of stress severity during OUD treatment. Momentary stress/craving/lapse associations may be better characterized when these groupings are considered first.There are natural groupings of participants with distinct patterns of stress severity during OUD treatment. Momentary stress/craving/lapse associations may be better characterized when these groupings are considered first. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prognostic significance of tumor budding in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder, and also to determine an optimal threshold value in evaluation. The study included 108 patients diagnosed with muscleinvasive conventional urothelial carcinoma between 2010 and 2020. Tumor budding was evaluated on H&E-stained slides. The critical tumor budding number was determined with the "receiver operating characteristics (ROC)" curve. Cases with a tumor budding number of ≤6 were categorized as low, and cases with >6 as high tumor budding. The univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model for recurrence-free survival showed that lymphovascular invasion (P=0.001), tumor budding (P=0.012), pT stage (T4 vs. T2) (P=0.005), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.009) were significantly associated with recurrence-free survival. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model utilizing backward stepwise (wald) method revealed that only LVI (P=0.001) was independent risk factor for recurrence-free survival. The univariate Cox analysis showed that lymphovascular invasion (P=0.001), tumor budding (P=0.004), pT stage (T4 vs. T2) (P=0.003), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.001) were significantly associated with overall survival. The multivariate Cox analysis (backward stepwise (wald) method) revealed that tumor focality (P=0.018), pT stage (T4 vs. T2) (P=0.015), and lymphovascular invasion (P=0.002) were independent factors for overall survival. Our findings suggested that the evaluation of tumor budding may be a useful parameter for predicting outcome in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Our findings suggested that the evaluation of tumor budding may be a useful parameter for predicting outcome in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.The occurrence of air embolism is highly related to medical operations, and air embolism can cause sudden death. Such situations require attention in forensic work. This article reports two cases of iatrogenic air embolism confirmed by autopsy. In case 1, air embolism occurred after hydrogen peroxide was used to irrigate and disinfect a wound on the patient's left forearm. Approximately 90 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution was used in case 1, and this volume can produce approximately 890 ml of oxygen by complete decomposition, which is far more than the average lethal air embolism volume. Selleckchem BI-2493 Attention should be given to the risk of air embolism when using hydrogen peroxide for irrigation and disinfection. In case 2, air embolism occurred during left ureteroscopy and stent placement. Due to inappropriate processing, the normal saline pump infused air into the patient at a high pressure of 120 mmHg. Based on our autopsy findings, we discuss the pathways of arterial air embolism and cerebral air embolism. In addition to the air entrainment volume and accumulation rate, the location of air accumulation also significantly impacts the risk of air embolism. After an arterial air embolus develops into a coronary and/or cerebral air embolus, the lethal air volume drops to only a few milliliters.An investigation was conducted over three estuaries in SE Australia with a gradient in metal(loid) contamination to assess metal(loid) (Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) accumulation and transport within the halophytic saltmarsh rush, Juncus kraussii. Sydney Olympic Park exhibited the most elevated metal(loid) contamination, followed by Hunter Wetlands and Lake Macquarie. J. kraussii exhibited a strong ability to restrict metal(loid) movement into the root system, with the exception of cadmium (BCFs less then 1.0) and unrestricted flow from root to culm excepting Se, Cd (TFs less then 1). Pb and Zn exhibited elevated translocation between roots and culms (TF 4.4 and 7.3, respectively). Despite barriers for uptake into the below-ground tissues, most metal(loid)s were accumulated to the roots with environmental dose (except for Cu and Cd) and linear relationships were present between the root and culm (for As and Se) and the sediment and culm (for As, Se, Cd, and Pb).