The search for active, stable and cost-efficient carbocatalysts for selective oxidation and reduction reactions could make a substantial impact on the catalytic technologies that do not rely on conventional metal based catalysts. Here we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) co-doped carbon nanosheets (BNC) by using biomolecule guanine as a carbon (C) and N source and boric acid as the B precursor. The whole synthesis process which leads to the formation of a two dimensional (2D) structure and mesoporosity with high surface areas is simple, metal-free and template-free. The as-synthesized carbon nanosheets possess a series of merits, such as relatively high specific surface area, satisfactory pore structure, enough structural defects, abundant B and N dopants as well as oxygen functional groups. The catalytic assessments demonstrate that the presented carbon catalyst is highly active and selective for the liquid phase oxidation of ethyl lactate to ethyl pyruvate and the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline and outperforms other equivalent benchmarks. Control experiments confirm the importance of the B and N co-doping as well as the carbon matrix which benefit the electron transfer. The carbonyl group masking test indicates that carbonyl groups play an important role in both the selective oxidation and reductions. Given the diversity in the structure of the nucleobase moiety, they represent ideal building blocks for the catalyst-free and metal-free formation of 2D carbon architectures, only induced by hydrogen bonds. This B and N co-doped synthesis strategy provides guidance for the design of carbon-based catalysts for selective oxidation and reductions.The electrical properties of a single-molecule junction of spiropyran are investigated through the break junction (BJ) method, and the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are switched from rectified to symmetric through mechanical stimulus. This phenomenon indicates isomerization from spiropyran to merocyanine. In addition, an increase in the conductance associated with isomerization is observed.Photodynamic therapy (PDT) leads to tumor hypoxia which could be utilized for the activation of hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs). However, conventional photosensitizer-loaded nanoformulations suffer from an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which limits the efficiency of PDT and synergistic therapy. Herein, prodrug-nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by the self-assembly of heterodimeric prodrugs composed of pyropheophorbide a (PPa), hypoxia-activated prodrug PR104A, and a thioether or thioketal linkage. In addition, a novel dual-modality drug release pattern is proposed on the basis of the structural states of prodrug-NPs. Under light irradiation, PR104A is released via photoinduced electron transfer (PET) due to the aggregation state of prodrugs. With the disassembly of prodrug-NPs, the ACQ effect is relieved, and PPa produces singlet oxygen which further promotes the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive release of PR104A. Such prodrug-NPs turn the disadvantage of the ACQ effect to facilitate drug release, demonstrating high-efficiency synergy in combination with PDT and hypoxia-activated therapy.Macroalgae Laminaria japonica (MLJ) has been reported to exhibit various biological activities including improving immunity, anti-aging, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis and anti-diabetic, but the protective mechanisms of MLJ consumption against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with hyperlipidemia remain poorly understood. This study demonstrated that MLJ consumption prevented high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia in a rat model, and improved hyperlipidemia-related parameters, e.g. serum and hepatic lipid profiles. Moreover, histological analysis showed that MLJ reduced lipid deposition in adipocytes and hepatocytes compared with the HFD group. Such beneficial effects may be associated with the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, especially some key microbial phylotypes involved in lipid metabolism homeostasis. The underlying protective mechanisms of MLJ consumption against HFD-induced NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia were also studied by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadruple-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS)-based liver metabolomics coupled with pathway analysis. The metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially abundant hepatic metabolites indicated that primary bile acid biosynthesis metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism were the two main metabolic pathways altered by MLJ consumption when compared with the model group. The analysis of the transcription levels of liver-related genes by RT-qPCR and the expressions of liver-related proteins by immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that MLJ consumption could regulate the levels of mRNA transcription and protein expression related to hepatic lipid metabolism. In short, this study indicates that MLJ could be developed as functional food supplement for the prevention or treatment of NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia.In this study, we evaluated the effects of tilapia head glycolipids (TH-GLs) on male C57BL/6 mice with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and the changes in gut microbiota compared with sulfasalazine. D-1553 mw Mice were orally treated with 3% (w/v) DSS or not for 7 days, followed by drug treatment with TH-GLs or sulfasalazine. After treatment, macroscopic colitis symptoms, intestinal epithelial barrier function, inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota homeostasis were assessed. Further studies showed that TH-GLs and sulfasalazine showed different influences on the gut microbiota structure. Both sulfasalazine and TH-GLs decreased the DSS-induced enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. However, TH-GLs had a selective increase in the enrichment of Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae, Oscillospira, Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Coprococcus in contrast to sulfasalazine, which selectively increased the enrichment of Dorea, Turicibacter, Bacteroides, Coprobacillus, Mucispirillum, and Dehalobacterium.