Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), usually reported as rape drug in drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA), is an endogenous substance in human body and is also found in many beverages. This may lead to data misinterpretation in forensic cases. Herein, we aimed to collect evidence about natural GHB presence in 13 energy drinks (ED). After a liquid-liquid extraction with acidic ethyl-acetate, samples were derivatized with BSTFA 1% TMCS. Analyses were carried out by a GC-MS system in SIM mode (GHB, 233, 234, 143 and147 m/z; GHB-d6, 239, 240, 120 and 206 m/z). GHB was present in all the samples at very low concentrations ranging from 98 to 197 ng/mL. Thus, GHB presence in ED is not exclusively related to exogenous addition. Since the GHB levels are far lower than the minimum active dose (i.e. 0.5 g) it is not expected to induce any effect. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.An outbreak involving 14 patients infected by an extensively drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was detected in a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Our objective was to evaluate an alternative strategy to investigate in-depth the outbreak by means of molecular and genomic approaches. Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis was applied as a first-line approach, followed by a more refined whole genome sequencing analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by whole genome sequencing, were used to design a specific-polymerase-chain-reaction for screening unsuspected cases infected by the outbreak strain. Whole genome sequencing alerted us of the existence of a greater diversity than initially assumed, splitting the Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis -associated outbreak isolates into 4 groups, two of which represented coincidental transmissions unrelated to the outbreak. A multiplex allele-specific-polymerase-chain-reaction targeting outbreak specific single nucleotide polymorphisms was applied on 290 isolates, which allowed us to identify 25 additional cases related to the outbreak during 2011-17. Whole genome sequencing coupled with an outbreak strain-specific-polymerase-chain-reaction enabled us to markedly redefine the initial picture of the outbreak by i) ruling out initially suspected cases, ii) defining likely independent coincidental transmission events, iii) predating the starting point of the outbreak iv) capturing new unsuspected cases, and v) revealing that the outbreak was still active. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Physical therapy and surgery are viable treatment options for non-arthritic hip disease (NAHD). Interdisciplinary collaboration may help patients make informed treatment decisions. Understanding how each provider can contribute is a critical first step in developing collaborative evaluation efforts. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the current evaluation of NAHD by both physical therapists and physicians, and evaluate national use of expert-recommended evaluation guidelines. DESIGN A national survey study distributed in the United States was implemented to accomplish the objective. METHODS A survey was distributed to 25,027 potential physical therapist and physician respondents. Respondents detailed their evaluation content for patients with NAHD across the following domains patient-reported outcomes, patient history, special tests, movement assessment, clinical tests, and imaging. Respondents ranked importance of each domain using a 5-point Likert scale (not important, slightl consider movement assessment very important to evaluation of patients with NAHD, whereas physicians were more likely to consider imaging and special testing very important. © 2020 American Physical Therapy Association.Previous research has associated snowfall with risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Most studies have been conducted in regions with harsh winters, it remains unclear whether snowfall is associated with risk of MI in regions with milder or more varied climates. This study used a case-crossover design to investigate the association between snowfall and MI mortality in British Columbia, Canada. MI deaths in British Columbia residents between October 15 and March 31 from 2009 to 2017 were identified. The day of each MI death was treated as the case day, and each case day was matched to control days drawn from the same day of week during the same month. Daily snowfall amount was assigned to case and control days at the residential address using weather stations within 15 kilometers distance and 100 meters of elevation. In total, 3300 MI case days were matched to 10,441 control days. Compared with days that had no snowfall, odds (95% confidence interval) of MI mortality increased 34% (0%, 80%) on days with heavy snowfall (≥ 5 cm). In stratified analysis of MI mortality as a function of both maximum temperature and snowfall, risk was significantly increased on snowfall days when the temperature was warmer. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. CL-82198 price For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Religion and spirituality are important social determinants that drive public health practice. The field of epidemiology has played a vital role in answering long-standing questions of whether religion is causally associated with health and mortality. As epidemiologists (e.g., Kawachi (Am J Epidemiol. 2019 https//doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz204) and Chen and VanderWeele (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(11)2355-2364)) spark new conversations about methods (e.g., outcomes-wide analysis) used to establish causal inference between religion and health, epidemiology needs to engage with other aspects such as emerging trends and historical predictors. Two key aspects epidemiologist will need to address are (a) changing patterns in religious and spiritual identification (specifically, how does traditional mechanisms (e.g., social support) hold up with emerging trends where more people are now identifying as spiritual but not religious, and the proportion of people who never attend services are increasing?); and (b) the role of place and how to establish causal inference between predictors characterizing area-level religious environments (e.