1%. In silico analysis indicated pathogenic potentials and clinical interpretations of the detected variants. Our study reveals the rare gene variants including novel ones from the Turkish EOAD cohort and provides to clinicians the list of detected variants in the screened genes, which may also be useful for accurate genetic counseling.Our study reveals the rare gene variants including novel ones from the Turkish EOAD cohort and provides to clinicians the list of detected variants in the screened genes, which may also be useful for accurate genetic counseling. Bibliometric and visualization analysis. Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become a common health problem and the most frequent indication for spinal surgery. This study aimed to illustrate the overall knowledge structure, and development trends of LSS, using a bibliometric analysis and newly developed visualization tools. Research data sets were acquired from the Web of Science. The time span was defined as "2000-2019". VOS viewer and Citespace software was provided to analyze the data and generate visualization knowledge maps. Annual trend of publications, distribution, H-index status, co-authorship status and research hotspots were analyzed. A total of 1934 publications met the requirement. The United States published most papers (521, 26.9%), both total citations (17,626) and H-index (61) ranked first of all the countries. The most productive organizations on LSS is Seoul National University (50). Spine (43) published the most papers on LSS. Quality of life, risk factor, disability, double blind tression surgery are the research hotspots in the recent years. Indeed, this study provides a new insight to the growth and development of LSS. Moreover, it will contribute to the growth of the international frontier of LSS. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected observational data. This study aimed to evaluate the slippage, sagittal alignment, and range of motion (ROM) after selective laminectomy (SL) in patients who had cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS). Clinical outcomes have been reported for both decompression and fusion surgeries for DS of the lumbar spine. However, only a few reports have examined cervical spine spondylolisthesis. This study included 178 patients who underwent SL for CSM. read more Those with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament were excluded. Slippage >2 mm was defined as spondylolisthesis, and spondylolisthesis progression was defined as an additional displacement >2 mm on a neutral radiograph. The slippage, translational motion, C2-C7 angle, local kyphosis, and ROM were examined before and ≥2 years after surgery. Radiologic parameters were evaluated according to the slip direction and the number of laminae removed. DS was observed in 29 patients (16.3%); 24 patients, comprising 9 and 15 in the anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis groups, respectively, were successfully followed up for more than 2 years. Preoperative and postoperative radiologic changes in slippage, translational motion, C2-C7 angle, local kyphosis, and ROM were not remarkable in either group regardless of the number of laminae removed. Revision surgery for the progression of DS and alignment deterioration was not required in any patient of either group. SL does not affect DS, sagittal alignment, or ROM irrespective of the slip direction and the number of laminae removed, even after >2 years after surgery. Given the preservation of the posterior elements, SL may be an effective treatment for CSM with DS. Level IV.Level IV. Retrospective review. The aim was to evaluate the learning curve of skin-anchored intraoperative navigation (ION) for minimally invasive lumbar surgery. ION is increasingly being utilized to provide better visualization, improve accuracy, and enable less invasive procedures. The use of noninvasive skin-anchored trackers for navigation is a novel technique, with the few reports on this technique demonstrating safety, feasibility, and significant reductions in radiation exposure compared with conventional fluoroscopy. However, a commonly cited deterrent to wider adoption is the learning curve. Retrospective review of patients undergoing 1-level minimally invasive lumbar surgery was performed. Outcomes were (1) time for ION set-up and image-acquisition; (2) operative time; (3) fluoroscopy time; (4) radiation dose; (5) operative complications; (6) need for repeat spin; (7) incorrect localization.Chronologic case number was plotted against each outcome. Derivative of the nonlinear curve fit to the dataset curve for other parameters varied by surgery type, but was achieved at 25-35 cases for a majority of outcomes. Level III.Level III. This was a literature review. The objective of this study was to review the pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical associations, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for patients with lower back pain (LBP) associated with Modic change (MC). Vertebral body endplates are located between the intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebral body. Despite their crucial roles in nutrition and biomechanical stability, vertebral endplates are extremely susceptible to mechanical failure. Studies examining the events leading to disk degeneration have shown that failure often begins at the endplates. Endplate degeneration with subchondral bone marrow changes were originally noticed on magnetic resonance imaging. These magnetic resonance imaging signal changes were classified as MC. A literature review was conducted on the history, etiology, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of LBP with MC. Type 1 MC refers to the presence of increased vascularization and bone marrow edema within the vertebral bontify patients suffering from MC, plan early intervention, and hasten return to functioning.With the aging nature of the population, MC has emerged as an extremely prevalent issue. Research into the pathogenesis of MC is important for planning preventative and therapeutic strategies. Such strategies may include rehabilitation, surgical fixation, stabilization, steroid or cement injection, or antibiotics. Improved diagnostic methods in clinical practice are thus critical to properly identify patients suffering from MC, plan early intervention, and hasten return to functioning.