Vaccine Vial Monitors (VVM) are used to estimate if a vaccine has been exposed to excessive hot temperatures. This endpoint measurement is useful in determining if a vaccine is safe to be administered to a patient, but it does not pinpoint where in the cold chain a vaccine was exposed to excessive heat. With the expansion and technological advancement of cold chain equipment temperature monitoring, it is now possible to remotely estimate VVM status as a vaccine moves through the cold chain. In the present study, we examine the application of the mathematical principles backing VVMs on real, continuous, temperature monitoring data in Africa. Results suggest that exposure to short bursts of hot temperature or long power outages may still allow for safe distribution of affected vaccines. The remaining VVM life calculation could improve managerial visibility into cold chain equipment performance allowing for better data-driven planning and maintenance decisions.The eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) staging manual was recently introduced. selleck chemical The staging of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma saw changes in relation to depth of invasion and extra-nodal extension. We aimed to evaluate this system and its prognostic ability in a UK cohort. A retrospective review was undertaken of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity between January 2009 and December 2013. Data were collected on demographics, histology, and recurrence-free (RFS) and five-year overall survival (OS). Patients were staged using both the seventh and eighth editions of the UICC staging manual. Stage-specific survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. A total of 191 records were reviewed and 87 were included in the analysis. The mean (range) age was 60 (37-88) years, and 53% were male. The tongue was the most common site (51%). Using the seventh edition patients were staged as stage I=30, II=14, III=7, IVa=35, and IVb=1. Applying the eighth edition, 26 patients (30%) were upstaged (I=24, II=15, III=14, IVa=17, IVb=17). Ten were upstaged based on pT and 16 on pN status. Both staging manuals showed statistically significant discrimination between stages for both OS and RFS. Patients upstaged from stage IVa in the seventh edition had significantly worse OS in the new system (p=0.043). Both staging systems discriminated accurately between stages. Patients upstaged in stage IVa showed significantly worse OS suggesting improved prognostication with the eighth edition and the changes introduced.OMFS is the surgical specialty which bridges dentistry and medicine. As the specialty of OMFS emerged from the dental specialty of Oral Surgery during the 1980s the Dentists Act 1984, whose purpose included preventing medical practitioners providing unregulated general dental care, was published. In 2008 the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB) review of training in OMFS concluded that dual qualification was essential and recommended that OMFS specialists should only be required to register with one regulator, the General Medical Council. For OMFS to continue to provide high quality patient care, and to help the GDC and GMC in their roles regulating our specialty, BAOMS has identified 5 areas for regulatory change (1) All OMFS specialists should be able to practice the full curriculum of OMFS with only GMC registration if they wish to - this was recommendation 4 of the PMTEB Review of OMFS in 2008. (2) If an OMFS specialist or trainee is registered with both the GMC and GDC. (3) A Memorandum of Understanding between the GMC and GDC should prevent any fitness to practice concerns being processed by both regulators. (4) Dually registered OMFS specialists should be able to indicate that they have had "appraisal of the full scope of practice" to comply with GDC Continuing Professional Development (CPD) regulations. (5) Oral Surgery specialist list should retain Route 11 for OMFS specialists as the Oral Surgery Curriculum is entirely within the OMFS curriculum. Legislative changes may be the best route to deliver these recommendations. Until these changes happen, the GMC, GDC and BAOMS should work together in the best interests of patients.Regulatory enzymes often have different roles in distinct subcellular compartments. Yet, most drugs indiscriminately saturate the cell. Thus, subcellular drug-delivery holds promise as a means to reduce off-target pharmacological effects. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) sequester combinations of signaling enzymes within subcellular microdomains. Targeting drugs to these 'signaling islands' offers an opportunity for more precise delivery of therapeutics. Here, we review mechanisms that bestow protein kinase A (PKA) versatility inside the cell, appraise recent advances in exploiting AKAPs as platforms for precision pharmacology, and explore the impact of methodological innovations on AKAP research.Irrigation water contaminated with arsenic acts as a potent source of contamination to humans through water-soil-crop-food transfer so quantification of safe limit for irrigation water is also critical. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the safe limit for As contaminated irrigation water with two soil types (alluvial and red) using ten levels of contaminated irrigation water (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25 mg L-1), applied 5 times in rice (Variety Sushak Samrat),used as a test crop. The results reveal that the different fractions of arsenic in terms of its profusion followed the order F4 > F2 > F5 > F3 > F1 and F4 > F3 > F2 > F5 > F1 across all the doses of As for alluvial soil and red soil respectively. The safe limit of irrigation water in terms of risk assessment expressed as Hazard Quotient (HQ) was at 0.75 mg L-1 and the solubility FIAM can effectively predict the As content in rice grain in both the soils. The Tobit Regression Model in alluvial soil quantified the safe limit for As in irrigation water from 1.20 to 0.10 mg L-1 for available soil As 0.25-3.0 mg kg-1 and in red soil, the range was from 0.10 to 0.40 mg L-1 for soil As 1.0 to 0.25 mg kg-1 provided that the As content in rice grain is less then 0.4 mg kg-1. This proved to be an effective protocol for estimation of safe limits after proper validation and calibration.