To evaluate five illustrative cases and perform a literature review to identify and describe a working approach to adult-onset white matter diseases (WMD). Inherited WMD are a group of disorders often seen in childhood. In adulthood, progressive WMDs are rare, apart from the common nonspecific causes of hypertension and other cerebrovascular diseases. The pattern of WMDs on neuroimaging can be an important clue to the final diagnosis. Due to the adoption of a combined clinical-imaging-laboratory approach, WMD is becoming better recognised, in addition to the rapidly evolving field of genomics in this area. While paediatric WMDs have a well-defined and literature-based clinical-laboratory approach to diagnosis, adult-onset WMDs remain an important, pathologically diverse, radiographic phenotype, with different and distinct neuropathologies among the various subtypes of WMD. selleck chemical Adult-onset WMDs comprise a wide collection of both acquired and inherited aetiologies. While severe acute respiratory syndrome coroat undiagnosed patients with WMD be entered into multicentre National Organisation for Rare Diseases registries to help researchers worldwide make new discoveries that will hopefully translate into future cures. Novel coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) has emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and became a pandemic in a few weeks.In this review, we aimed to summarize the current urologic practice trends worldwide to help urologist in decision making in disasters particularly in Covid-19 pandemic. We have performed a PubMed and Internet search by using the keywords 'Covid', 'new coronavirus', 'coronavirus urology, 'covid urology' without a date restriction. ResultsAll elective surgeries for benign urological conditions such as urinary tract stone disease that not caused complicated obstruction, benign prostate enlargement, infertility, incontinence and genitourinary prolapse, erectile dysfunction undescendent testis, vesico-ureteral refluxshould be postponed till the lasting of Covid-19 outbreak. In obstructing ureteral stone both nephrostomy tube and double-J stent insertion are valid management options. However, one must consider that these procedures must be performed under local anesthesia when possible to sparto spare a ventilator. When deferring urooncological operations and treatments oncological outcomes must be considered. Aggressive cessation or reducing the dosage of immunosuppressant therapy might be an option in renal transplanted patients with severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.Corneal infections by viruses and bacteria can result in ocular surface defects, ulcers, or wounds. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a human virus with global seroprevalence in the range of 60-90%. While the virus more commonly causes mucocutaneous lesions including ulcers on the face and mouth, it is also a leading cause of infection-associated blindness. In this chapter, we discuss an in-depth protocol required to evaluate corneal damage due to HSV-1 infection using porcine models of ex vivo infection. Our methods can be adapted to study similar infections caused by other viruses and bacteria.A murine model of corneal epithelial wounding can be performed using simple injury and imaging methods. Here, we describe the creation of a central corneal epithelial defect using mechanical debridement under ophthalmic microscopic visualization. Subsequent monitoring with vital dye application and slit-lamp bio microscopy (slit-lamp) is described in detail.Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are crucial for corneal homeostasis through secretion of various anti-angiogenic molecules and growth factors. Due to its avascular nature, only a limited number of adoptively transferred cells home to the cornea, when administered systemically. In addition, local adoptive transfer of cells poses several challenges and the clinical application of commonly used techniques is limited. Herein, we detail a novel approach for local adoptive transfer of pDCs to the cornea for the treatment of corneal wounds. This approach utilizes a commonly used fibrin sealant as a means of transferring previously isolated cells locally on the cornea. The technique is simple, reproducible, and is accompanied with successful transfer and integration of a substantial number of the cells to the cornea. Application of this approach to transfer pDCs promotes corneal wound healing. Furthermore, this technique can be applied for adoptive transfer of any cell of interest to the cornea.The tissue response to injury is a complex process. The cornea is an excellent model for studying wound repair processes because of its simple anatomy, easy accessibility, and normal avascular state. Here, we describe two corneal repair models in mice an epithelial/mechanical injury model and a stromal/chemical injury model. The two models induce different repair responses, and consequently enable the study of independent repair processes. Here, we describe how these two wound models may be used to study basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of corneal repair.Myocardial ischemia is a common manifestation of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that affects the health and lives of millions of people worldwide. While numerous treatment options exist that address cardiac damage after ischemic injury, none of these can repair damaged cardiac tissue. Stem cell-mediated therapy is an emerging approach for cardiac tissue regeneration that has shown promise in preclinical models and in clinical studies. However, much more research in this field must be carried out to bring effective stem cell therapies to clinical settings. This protocol discusses the methods for generation of an animal model of myocardial ischemia in a preclinical setting, expansion of viable hematopoietic stem cells on a nanofiber scaffold, and administration of cells into the ischemic animal to verify therapeutic efficacy.Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and a number one killer in the USA. Cell-based approaches to treat CVDs have only shown modest improvement due to poor survival, retention, and engraftment of the transplanted cells in the ischemic myocardium. Recently, tissue engineering and the use of 3D scaffolds for culturing and delivering stem cells for ischemic heart disease are gaining rapid potential. Here, we describe a protocol for the fabrication of aligned coaxial nanofibrous scaffold comprising of a polycaprolactone (PCL) core and gelatin shell. Furthermore, we describe a detailed protocol for the efficient seeding and maintenance of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) on these nanofibrous scaffolds, which could have a potential application in the generation of functional "cardiac patch" for myocardial repair applications as well as an in vitro 3D cardiac tissue model to evaluate the efficacy of cardiovascular drugs and cardiac toxicities.