Objective To examine whether the effect of population aging on healthcare expenditures as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is attenuated in more educated countries. Method The analysis is based on a dataset of 22 Latin American countries between 1995 and 2013. We estimate panel data models with country and time fixed effects, and control for potential nonlinear effects of population aging on health expenditure. Results We find population aging increases health expenditure as a share of GDP in economies characterized by low levels of education, but this effect is mitigated in economies with higher levels of education. Results are driven by private health expenditures. Discussion Results suggest population aging and education have a stronger influence on healthcare expenditures in less developed countries. This finding is important in a context in which the rapid growth of the aging population is likely to lead to significant costs in terms of health expenditures, but less so in more educated societies.This work aimed to evaluate the potential use of plant growth-promoting actinobacteria (PGPA) for enhanced cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation and plant growth. Forty-two actinobacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soils in Thailand. GSK'963 mouse Among isolates tested, only Streptomyces phaeogriseichromatogenes isolate COS4, showed the high ability to produce siderophores as a plant growth stimulant and had a strong Cd tolerance potential. The significance of siderophores production and Cd tolerance ability under different Cd concentrations suggests the potential of isolate COS4 to work effectively. Plant culture revealed that the significant increase in root length, root to tip length, and total dried weight of sunflower were obtained after 2 h incubation of sunflower seeds with isolate COS4. The efficiency of Cd uptake was found to range between 42.3 and 61.3%. Translocation factor results confirmed that plant growth promoting S. phaeogriseichromatogenes isolate COS4-assisted phytoremediation can be considered as Cd absorbents for the restoration of polluted sites due to high translocation values.Significance Opioid use disorder and transition to injection drug use (IDU) are an urgent, nationwide public health crisis. Wounds and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common complications of IDU that disproportionately affect people who inject drugs (PWID) and are a major source of morbidity and mortality for this population. Critical Issues Injections in a nonsterile environment and reusing or sharing needles facilitates bacterial inoculation, with subsequent risk of serious complications such as sepsis, gangrene, amputation, and death. PWID are susceptible to infections with a wide spectrum of organisms beyond common culprits of SSTI, including Clostridium and Bacillus spp., as well as Candida. Recent Advances Syringe services programs (SSPs) are cost-effective and successful in reducing harms associated with IDU. SSPs provide new equipment to PWID and aid in discarding used equipment. SSPs aim to reduce the risks of unhygienic injecting practices, which are associated with transmission of infections and blood-borne pathogens. Future Directions Concurrently run SSPs and wound care clinics are uniquely positioned to facilitate care to PWID. Providing new, sterile equipment as well as early wound care intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality as well as health care expenditures by reducing the number of SSTI and injection-related wounds that require hospital admission. Establishment of wound care clinics as part of an SSP represents an untapped potential to reduce harm.This study sought to better understand specific factors contributing to fatigue in survivors of pediatric cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). As part of a larger study evaluating long-term psychosocial functioning of pediatric cancer survivors, N = 87 participants completed measures assessing fatigue and emotional and behavioral functioning. Chart abstraction was used to catalog diagnosis, treatments received, treatment intensity, and late effects. Results suggest clinically significant fatigue in n = 4 (4.6%) of survivors participating in this study. Fatigue was greater for participants with more recent diagnoses and who were more recently off treatment and was positively associated with parent and self-report of internalizing (emotional) and externalizing (behavioral) symptoms. Participants with more severe late effects suffered greater fatigue; however, fatigue was not associated with treatment intensity or therapy type. Fatigue is an important variable to consider in evaluating the social, emotional, behavioral, and physical well-being of cancer and HSCT survivors. Interventions are needed to address fatigue directly, while also addressing both contributing factors to fatigue and potential negative outcomes that result from fatigue in survivorship. To synthesize published evidence regarding hearing impairment diagnosis and interventions in infants with or at high risk for cerebral palsy in the first year after birth. Nine databases were searched for MeSH terms up to February 2020. Included studies were published in English, enrolled infants with or at high risk for cerebral palsy, and addressed hearing evaluation/rehabilitation within the first year after birth. Quality of evidence was evaluated using RTI Item Bank and QUADAS-2. Eighteen articles met inclusion criteria. Quality of the evidence ranged from low to high, revealing variability in diagnostic assessment methodologies and adherence to diagnostic schedules. Concerns for bias included lack of recognition of cerebral palsy effects and etiologies on functional hearing assessment methods and results. Two interventions (hearing aid and cochlear implantation) were identified; however, reported use was inconsistent. Hearing screening in infants with or at high risk for cerebral palsy requires evaluation of the entire auditory pathway preferentially using comprehensive electrophysiological panels of assessments. For infants with perinatal neural insults, pediatric neurologists are uniquely positioned to recommend adherence to systematic surveillance and comprehensive audiology assessments, regardless of comorbidities and motor impairments.Hearing screening in infants with or at high risk for cerebral palsy requires evaluation of the entire auditory pathway preferentially using comprehensive electrophysiological panels of assessments. For infants with perinatal neural insults, pediatric neurologists are uniquely positioned to recommend adherence to systematic surveillance and comprehensive audiology assessments, regardless of comorbidities and motor impairments.