The outcomes of the study support the epidemiological observations of increased risk of skin infections after swimming in the ocean. Cleaning the skin immediately after recreational ocean activities is recommended to reduce the opportunity for infection.The deposition phenomenon of microparticle and SAR-CoV-2 laced bioaerosol in human airways is studied by Taguchi methods and response surface methodology (RSM). The data used herein is obtained from simulations of airflow dynamics and deposition fractions of drug particle aerosols in the downstream airways of asthma patients using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete particle motion (DPM). Three main parameters, including airflow rate, drug dose, and particle size, affecting aerosol deposition in the lungs of asthma patients are examined. EGCG The highest deposition fraction (DF) is obtained at the flow rate of 45 L min-1, the drug dose of 200 μg·puff-1, and the particle diameter of 5 μm. The optimized combination of levels for the three parameters for maximum drug deposition is performed via the Taguchi method. The importance of the influencing factors rank as particle size > drug dose > flow rate. RSM reveals that the combination of 30 L min-1, 5 μm, 200 μg·puff- has the highest deposition fraction. In part, this research also studied the deposition of bioaerosols contaminated with the SAR-CoV-2 virus, and their lowest DF is 1.15%. The low DF of bioaerosols reduces the probability of the SAR-CoV-2 virus transmission. While most prior research has focused on extreme heat, few assessed the immediate health effects of winter storms and associated power outages (PO), although severe storms have become more frequent. This study evaluates the joint and independent health effects of winter storms and PO, snow versus ice-storm, effects by time window (peak timing, winter/transitional months) and the impacts on critical care indicators including numbers of comorbidity, procedure, length of stay and cost. We use distributed lag nonlinear models to assess the impacts of winter storm/PO on hospitalizations due to cardiovascular, lower respiratory diseases (LRD), respiratory infections, food/water-borne diseases (FWBD) and injuries in New York State on 0-6 lag days following storm/PO compared with non-storm/non-PO periods (references), while controlling for time-varying factors and PM . The storm-related hospitalizations are described by time window. We also calculate changes in critical care indicators between the storm/PO and control periods. We found the joint effects of storm/PO are the strongest (risk ratios (RR) range 1.01-1.90), followed by that of storm alone (1.02-1.39), but not during PO alone. Ice storms have stronger impacts (RRs 1.04-3.15) than snowstorms (RRs 1.03-2.21). The storm/PO-health associations, which occur immediately, and some last a whole week, are stronger in FWBD, October/November, and peak between 300-800 p.m. Comorbidity and medical costs significantly increase after storm/PO. Winter storms increase multiple diseases, comorbidity and medical costs, especially when accompanied by PO or ice storms. Early warnings and prevention may be critical in the transitional months and afternoon rush hours.Winter storms increase multiple diseases, comorbidity and medical costs, especially when accompanied by PO or ice storms. Early warnings and prevention may be critical in the transitional months and afternoon rush hours. Commercial databases can be used to identify participant addresses over time, but their quality and impact on environmental exposure assessment is uncertain. To evaluate the performance of a commercial database to find residences and estimate environmental exposures for study participants. We searched LexisNexis® for participant addresses in the Los Angeles Ultrafines Study, a prospective cohort of men and women aged 50-71 years. At enrollment (1995-1996) and follow-up (2004-2005), we evaluated attainment (address found for the corresponding time period) and match rates to survey addresses by participant characteristics. We compared geographically-referenced predictors and estimates of ultrafine particulate matter (UFP) exposure from a land use regression model using LexisNexis and survey addresses at enrollment. LexisNexis identified an address for 69% of participants at enrollment (N=50,320) and 95% of participants at follow-up (N=24,432). Attainment rate at enrollment modestly differed (≥5%) by age, smoking status, education, and residential mobility between surveys. The match rate at both survey periods was high (82-86%) and similar across characteristics. When using LexisNexis versus survey addresses, correlations were high for continuous values of UFP exposure and its predictors (rho=0.86-0.92). Time period and population characteristics influenced the attainment of addresses from a commercial database, but accuracy and subsequent estimation of specific air pollution exposures were high in our older study population.Time period and population characteristics influenced the attainment of addresses from a commercial database, but accuracy and subsequent estimation of specific air pollution exposures were high in our older study population.The most common currently used air quality risk communication tool, the Air Quality Index (AQI), has been criticized. As a result, Canada proposed the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) to communicate the health risks of multiple pollutants. However, the AQHI is calculated by directly summing the excess risks from single-pollutant models, which may overestimate the effects of the pollutants. To solve this problem, we introduced two methods for estimating the joint effects of multiple pollutants the cumulative risk index (CRI) and supervised principal component analysis (SPCA). Based on three methods, i.e., the standard, CRI and SPCA methods, we constructed three types of AQHIs and compared their validity to select the best communication tool. Our results showed that compared with the AQI, all three AQHIs had a linear relationship with mortality. In addition, the CRI-AQHI had the best goodness of fit and captured the overall health risk of pollution mixtures most robustly among various cause-specific mortalities when identifying health risks.