EAA-BCAA balanced supplements might be valuable not only for healthy individuals undergoing to energy deficit (e.g., athletes) during strenuous exercise or training but also against diseases characterized by a dysregulated catabolic state or mitochondrial dysfunction, such as age-related disorders. The associated mechanistic processes should be identified as potential pharmacological targets.EAA-BCAA balanced supplements might be valuable not only for healthy individuals undergoing to energy deficit (e.g., athletes) during strenuous exercise or training but also against diseases characterized by a dysregulated catabolic state or mitochondrial dysfunction, such as age-related disorders. Nexturastat A The associated mechanistic processes should be identified as potential pharmacological targets. Poor nutritional status is prevalent among end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Chronic hemodialysis patients show an accelerated decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which is associated with higher mortality rates and a reduced quality of life. The current review aims to summarize recent advances regarding underlying causes of muscle loss and interventions that support muscle mass maintenance in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Muscle maintenance in chronic hemodialysis patients is compromised by low dietary protein intake levels, anabolic resistance of skeletal muscle tissue, sedentary behavior, and amino acid removal during hemodialysis. Studies assessing the effect of increased protein intake on nutritional status generally show beneficial results, especially in hypoalbuminemic chronic hemodialysis patients. The muscle protein synthetic response following protein ingestion in chronic hemodialysis patients may be enhanced through incorporation of structured physical act nutritional and physical activity interventions for chronic hemodialysis patients (see video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, Video abstract, http//links.lww.com/COCN/A14). Predicting multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) in the late phase of critical illnesses is essential. Cytokines are considered biomarkers that can predict clinical outcomes; however, their predictive value for late-phase MOD is unknown. This study aimed to identify the biomarker with the highest predictive value for late-phase MOD. This observational study prospectively evaluated data on adult patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, those who presented to the emergency department or were admitted to intensive care units in five tertiary hospitals (n = 174). Seven blood biomarkers levels (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, IL-10, tumor-necrosis factor-α, white blood cells, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin) were measured at three timepoints (day 0, 1, and 2). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were analyzed to evaluate predictive values for MOD (primary outcome, MOD on day 7 [late-phase]; secondary outcome, MOD on day 3 [early-phase]). Of the measured 7 biomarkers, blood IL-6 levels on day 2 had the highest predictive value for MOD on day 7 using single timepoint data (AUC 0.825, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.754-0.879). Using three timepoint biomarkers, blood IL-6 levels had the highest predictive value of MOD on day 7 (AUC 0.838, 95% CI 0.768-0.890). Blood IL-6 levels using three timepoint biomarkers had also the highest predictive value for MOD on day 3 (AUC 0.836, 95% CI 0.766-0.888). Of the measured biomarkers, blood IL-6 levels had the highest predictive value for MOD on days 3 and 7. Blood IL-6 levels predict early- and late-phase MOD in critically ill patients.Of the measured biomarkers, blood IL-6 levels had the highest predictive value for MOD on days 3 and 7. Blood IL-6 levels predict early- and late-phase MOD in critically ill patients. Mitochondrial transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases. However, the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on the outcome of polymicrobial sepsis remain unclear. The distribution of transplanted mitochondria in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-operated mice was detected at 2 and 12 h after intravenous injection in the tail (n = 3). Then, the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on bacterial clearance (n = 7), systemic inflammation (n = 10), organ injury (n = 8), and mortality (n = 19) during CLP-induced sepsis were explored. Microarray analysis (n = 3) was used to testify the molecular changes associated with decreased systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction in sepsis. The extraneous mitochondria were distributed in the lung, liver, kidney, and brain of CLP-operated mice at 2 and 12 h after intravenous injection in the tail. Mitochondrial transplantation increased the survival rate of septic mice, which was associated with decreased bacterial burden, systemic inflammation, and organ injury. Spleen samples were utilized for microarray analysis. Pathway analysis revealed that in polymicrobial sepsis, gene expression was significantly changed in processes related to inflammatory response, complement and coagulation cascades, and rejection reaction. These data displayed that mitochondrial replenishment reduces systemic inflammation and organ injury, enhances bacterial clearance, and improves the survival rate in sepsis. Thus, extraneous mitochondrial replenishment may be an effective adjunctive treatment to reduce sepsis-related mortality.These data displayed that mitochondrial replenishment reduces systemic inflammation and organ injury, enhances bacterial clearance, and improves the survival rate in sepsis. Thus, extraneous mitochondrial replenishment may be an effective adjunctive treatment to reduce sepsis-related mortality. The current study aimed to examine the stress-buffering effect of children's perceived social support on their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and autonomic nervous system reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor. A sample of 150 children (aged 9-13 years, mean [standard deviation] age = 10.69 [0.93] years, 74 girls) reported perceived social support, stressful life events, and underwent the Modified Trier Social Stress Test, during which six saliva samples were collected. A two-piece multilevel growth curve model with landmark registration was used to detect trajectory differences in the reactivity and recovery phases of the stress response and account for individual variation in the timing of poststressor peak hormone concentrations. The interaction between stressful life events and perceived social support significantly predicted poststressor peak cortisol levels (β = 0.0805, SE = 0.0328, p = .015) and cortisol recovery slope (β = -0.0011, SE = 0.0005, p = .040). Children with more life events and low social support exhibited the lowest poststressor peak cortisol levels and the flattest cortisol recovery slope.