PMPC25-PDPA72 molecules, bonded with DNA oligonucleotides, form polymersomes, or vesicles, featuring DNA coronae on their external and internal surfaces. Hybridization techniques can be employed to attach nucleic acid cargoes or nucleic acid-tagged targeting moieties to the coronal DNA. Within motor neuron-like cells, siRNA duplexes against C9orf72, a genetic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are delivered using these polymeric SNAs. The PSNA corona, when augmented with a neuron-specific targeting peptide, exhibits an effective silencing of neuronal expression, even at the low threshold of two particles per cell.The confinement of fluids within a structured material, a sintered agglomerate of synthetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), is instrumental in environmental research, including the investigation of geological subsurface energy storage and carbon capture technologies. Numerical simulations can aid in the design of those properties, but the inability to characterize the permeable pores within MSNs, owing to their size, limits the available methods. The advanced Individual Particle cryogenic transmission electron tomography (IPET) approach utilized in this research yields detailed 3D morphological information about monodispersed MSNs, with diameters measured to be under 50 nanometers. The diameters of the MSNs are observed to range from 35 to 46 nanometers, as visualized in the 3D reconstructed density maps. The MSNs contain intraparticle pores that are connected and vary in size from 2 to 20 nanometers, with a mean of 9.2 nanometers. This mean pore size is equivalent to the average interparticle pore size in sintered agglomerates. Pore form and size details are key to estimating fluid movement and conveyance through the sintered MSN agglomerate and to developing atomic models of the MSN structures for pore-fluid dynamics simulations.Spectra of terahertz steady-state and time-resolved conductivity and permittivity were acquired from 3D graphene networks constructed within covalently cross-linked, free-standing graphene aerogels. High-temperature annealing, a crucial factor in controlling the transition between reduced-graphene oxide and graphene, enabled the investigation of the effect of defects on charge carrier transport. The relationship between frequency, conductivity, and permittivity is manifested in the THz spectra, revealing an increase in conductivity and a decrease in permittivity. The Drude- or Lorentz-like conductivity commonly observed in 2D graphene samples stands in contrast to the conductivity in 3D graphene percolated networks, indicating a notable contribution from a relaxation mechanism. The mechanism behind charge transport in graphene aerogels is a blend of carrier hopping in localized states and the Drude-like contribution from carriers in the conduction band. Following photoexcitation, charge carriers are introduced into the conduction band, with their behavior exhibiting a picosecond lifetime and a femtosecond dephasing duration. Our research uncovers crucial details regarding charge movement within intricate graphene configurations.Researchers have dedicated substantial effort to investigating thin nanocomposite polymer films, which contain a multitude of nanoparticle types, for use as sensors, smart protective coatings, or even artificial skin substitutes. Analyzing their characteristics necessitates innovative approaches capable of yielding both qualitative and quantitative insights into their composition and the spatial arrangement of nanoparticles. We present here the quantification of gold nanoparticle concentration in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, leveraging lock-in thermography (LIT). LIT, a novel non-destructive method, determines the thermal imprint left by a sample absorbing modulated light, employing a designated frequency. akt signal Aqueous PVA gold nanoparticle suspensions, uniformly composed of two particle sizes, were evaporated to yield films with a spectrum of gold nanoparticle concentrations. By illuminating the thin films with monochromatic light at a wavelength close to the nanoparticles' plasmonic resonance, the amplitude of the thermal signature emitted by the nanoparticles was quantitatively observed. To capture the effect of multiple modulation frequencies on the incident radiation, measurements were repeated. We have formulated a mathematical procedure to quantify the relationship between nanoparticle concentrations and measured amplitudes. A detailed examination of the circumstances dictating sample thickness determination is presented. Our results further showcase LIT's aptitude for effortlessly identifying concentration gradients in samples, and the model's capacity for correlating the measured signal to the respective concentrations. Nanoparticle concentrations are precisely and non-destructively measured in this work, leveraging the reliable properties of LIT.Chemotherapy's efficacy is amplified by the addition of photothermal therapy (PTT), particularly due to hyperthermia's effect of improving tumor uptake of the chemotherapeutic agents, leading to a notable synergistic benefit. This study introduces the use of light-activated gold nanoparticle aggregation to enhance the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs for photothermal tumor therapy. AuNPs (tm-AuNPs), novel light-responsive nanoparticles, were rationally designed and fabricated by conjugating both 25-diphenyltetrazole (Tz) and methacrylic acid (Ma) onto the surface of small (20 nm) AuNPs. Upon irradiation with a 405 nm laser, AuNPs aggregate within tumors specifically due to the covalent cycloaddition of Tz and Ma. The photothermal effect of gold aggregates, activated by near-infrared (NIR) light, led to a significant enrichment of doxorubicin (DOX) within tumor tissue, which, when combined with photothermal therapy (PTT), yielded remarkable synergistic anti-tumor efficacy in live mice. Subsequently, we are of the opinion that this light-induced AuNP aggregation approach will provide a valuable and powerful tool for precisely synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy.In magnetic particle imaging (MPI), a novel biomedical imaging modality, non-invasive, tomographic, and quantitative tracking of the distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) tracers is facilitated. While MPI exhibits extraordinary sensitivity, capable of detecting nanogram amounts of iron, it does not offer any spatial anatomical data. Computed tomography (CT), a biomedical imaging modality widely utilized, delivers high-resolution anatomical details. A multimodal imaging agent possessing the advantages of both MPI and CT imaging modalities is worthy of consideration. By utilizing flash nanoprecipitation, we merge MPI-tailored SPIONs with hafnium oxide (hafnia) CT-contrast nanoparticles to create dual-imaging MPI/CT agents. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping procedures demonstrated the presence of co-encapsulated iron oxide and hafnia within the composite nanoparticles. Dynamic and equilibrium magnetic characterization of the dual imaging tracers' composite reveals a decrease in the effective magnetic diameter and changes in their dynamic magnetic susceptibility spectra at high oscillating field frequencies, implying magnetic interactions within the composite material. Comparing the MPI performance of the dual imaging agent with the ferucarbotran commercial tracer, a rigorous evaluation was executed. The dual-imaging agent exhibits a significantly enhanced MPI sensitivity, exceeding that of the commercial tracer by a margin of three. A notable observation was the diminished MPI resolution of the composite tracer, in comparison to the individual SPION coatings. The deterioration of resolution in the composite dual imaging tracer is possibly caused by internal magnetic dipolar interactions. The dual imaging agent's CT performance was assessed on both a pre-clinical animal scanner and a clinical scanner, demonstrating enhanced contrast when compared to a commercial iodine-based contrast agent. The dual imaging agent and the commercial iodine contrast agent are shown to be distinguishable via dual energy CT (DECT) imaging techniques. The dual agent, incorporating SPION and hafnia, exhibited energy-dependent CT contrast, potentially enabling virtual monochromatic imaging of its distribution within the body using dual-energy CT.Ellipsometric techniques are used in this work to examine the properties of thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films deposited via magnetron sputtering. Thoughtfully examining the UV-VIS-NIR optical properties of MoS2 films, both as-deposited and annealed, the study covers the progression from amorphous to amorphous relaxed, partially crystallized, and ultimately polycrystalline structures. A systematic correlation exists between the optical properties of the film and the shift from the mixed 1T'@2H local arrangement in the amorphous phase to the extended 2H order in the polycrystalline phase. The process of annealing a few-layer MoS2 material manifests the early 2H ordering, culminating in a 2H bulk-like polycrystalline structure, as evidenced by the energy shift of prominent excitonic peaks. A marked divergence in optical response is noted between metallic (amorphous) and semiconducting (polycrystalline) MoS2 phases, presented via measurements of dielectric permittivity and normal reflectance NIR-VIS-UV spectra. The results of light-heat conversion studies within the NIR therapeutic window have revealed a previously unreported capacity for amorphous MoS2 to function as a photothermal therapy agent. Spectroscopic ellipsometry's sensitive characterization yielded essential results, complementing the data provided by other characterization tools. These research outcomes are projected to be utilized in fundamental and application-focused studies; illustrations include research on phase-change materials, photothermal cancer treatment, and magneto-optical examinations of magnetic ordering within transition metal dichalcogenides, and so on.For the purpose of altering materials, elemental doping is a paramount procedure. Material scientists widely consider fluorine to be a remarkably cost-effective and highly efficient dopant.