There has been a growing emphasis on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as an important outcome in rare disease drug development, although its assessment may be useful outside the drug development context, including in clinical applications or natural history studies. Central to assessing quality of life in health research is utilizing outcome measures that capture symptoms and impacts of the disease and treatment that are important and relevant to patients. Identifying and implementing valid and reliable tools to measure HRQoL in rare diseases poses unique challenges that often require creative solutions. In this commentary, we explore some of the challenges in HRQoL assessment in rare disease, propose solutions, and consider regulatory issues. Some of the solutions discussed entail the use of item banks, adapting existing measures from phenotypically similar disease contexts, use of multi-domain measurement indices, and adapting methods for assessing content validity of existing measures. Current regulatory considerations are discussed and resources outlined. Quality of life may be the most important endpoint for patients with rare diseases, and the challenges of valid assessment require effort and innovative thinking specific to each context to improve measurement and clinical outcomes.Quality of life may be the most important endpoint for patients with rare diseases, and the challenges of valid assessment require effort and innovative thinking specific to each context to improve measurement and clinical outcomes.Landfilling is known to be the most widely used method in municipal solid waste management in many countries. Landfill leachate containing different recalcitrant compounds are recognized to contaminate the soil and water and accordingly threat both the human health and environment. A variety of chemical and biological methods have recently been employed for landfill leachate treatment, one of which is the ultrasonic process. In this review, the efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted method for leachate treatment, factors influencing the treatment process are studied by defining a search protocol. The results showed that ultrasound can reduce pollutants by creating cavitation, microstreaming, and microturbulence. Increasing turbidity in initial of irradiation time and increasing the cost of treatment are the disadvantages of using ultrasonic in leachate treatment. Moreover, ultrasound-assisted method leads to improve the leachate quality, especially the COD/BOD. Therefore, ultrasound can be considered a good pretreatment for biological processes. Although, the application of this process in combination with other treatment processes such as biological processes and advanced oxidation increases the efficiency of leachate treatment, its efficiency depends on several factors such as exploitation features and leachate quality.The volatilization process of contaminants has been shown to play an important role in remediation of VOC-contaminated soils. The aim of this paper is to study the volatilization characteristics of both toluene and water from soil, and to evaluate their interaction mechanism under different conditions. A test system is developed to measure mass loss of contaminants and water from soil by volatilization. It was found that basically the volatilization process could be divided into two stages in clay and one stage in sand. Two main influential mechanisms of water on the volatilization of toluene include molecules' competitive adsorption and blocking of volatilization channels. In addition, the evaporation process of water was restricted by volatilization of toluene. Volatilization rate of toluene would increase with the increase of water content when the water content was low. But it would decrease with the increase of water content when the water content was higher than 15% in clay. In addition, there existed an optimal water content (15%) under which the maximum volatilization rate could be achieved.The rapid modernization of the transportation sector has greatly escalated many problems, especially the high energy consumption and vehicle exhaust pollution. How to reduce pollution in the transportation sector has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Based on a balanced panel dataset of 30 Chinese provinces spanning the period of 2005-2017, this study attempts to investigate the influence of technological innovation on the energy-environmental efficiency of the transportation sector (EETS) using the spatial econometric approach. The empirical results suggest that first, transportation-related technological innovation and EETS exhibited obvious hot spots and cold spots at the provincial level in China. Second, technological innovation could facilitate the energy-environmental efficiency of transportation sector in China. Third, one province developing transportation-related technological innovations might promote EETS in its neighboring provinces. Fourth, the transportation-related technological innovation in eastern China could boost EETS, while the transportation-related technological innovation in central and western China had a rebound effect on EETS. click here One possible innovation is that this study extends the relationship between technological innovation and energy-environmental efficiency to the transportation sector.Land space is the carrier of human production, living activities, and ecological civilization construction. How to promote the orderly, moderate, and sustainable development and utilization of land space is a scientific problem to be solved. As a key element in China's spatial planning, the quantitative analysis of spatial pattern and functional zoning has become a focus of China's current development. Based on the analysis of land space symbiosis development, this study takes Henan province as the case study; appropriate indicators were selected from the perspective of "production-living-ecological" functions (PLEFs) index that was developed including three subsystems of the production function, living function, and ecological function. The entropy weight method and geographic information system (GIS) spatial method were used to analyze the PLEF status and spatial pattern in Henan province. The PLEF score showed a certain geographical pattern, where in the southwestern areas of Henan province have higher PLEFs than that in the northeastern areas.