ires future study.Maternal consumption of fiber and fat, as well as mother's infant feeding practices, are important determinants of the human milk microbiota. Understanding whether these microbial changes impact an infant's overall health and development requires future study. Human milk (HM) lipid content is highly variable, and infants consume different volumes of milk. This makes precise sampling and calculation of the infant lipid intake problematic. In order to describe inaccuracies of estimates of lipid content introduced by various sampling protocols, we compared the true infant lipid intake with estimated intakes using different milk sampling protocols. Monthly milk samples (n=1026) from months 1 to 6 of lactation were collected from 20 healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women. Infant lipid intake was measured by 24-hour test-weighing at month 3. Total lipid content was measured by creamatocrit. Idasanutlin Concentrations and infant lipid intakes were calculated using 11 sampling protocols, using either the true milk intake or an average of 800mL/d. These estimates were compared with the true infant lipid intake using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed modeling with multiple comparisons. The mean maternal age was 32.0 years (SD ±3.10), and infants were born term (40.1±1.1cies of sampling protocols should be taken into consideration in the interpretation and translation of infant lipid intake results.Artificial diets have been employed for the mass-rearing of numerous insects because of their ease of use and standardized quality. An ability to store artificial diets under nonrefrigerated conditions over the long term could improve the efficacy of mass-rearing systems considerably. However, it remains largely unknown how long artificial diets can be stored at such temperatures without any adverse effects on the insects reared. In this study, we investigated yield, body size, and reproductive potential of West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire), which is a major sweet potato pest, under management using the sterile-insect technique in Japan and reared using artificial diets with different storage periods (14, 28, and 42 d) at nonrefrigerated temperatures (25 ± 1°C), and compared them with those of the control (0 d). Notably, E. postfasciatus yield and reproductive potential increased significantly with an increase in storage period (28 and 42 d). Conversely, male body size decreased significantly following feeding with artificial diet stored for 42 d, when compared with the control, while there were no significant differences in female body size between the control and all the treatments. We discuss the potential causes of such varying effects between yield and body size and conclude that E. postfasciatus artificial diet can be stored for at least 28 d without any adverse effects on weevil yield and weevil quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report revealing the positive effects of long-term storage of the artificial diet on mass-reared insects.As a major bioactive compound from grapes, piceatannol (PIC) has been reported to exert anti-atherosclerotic activity in various studies. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the effect of piceatannol against atherosclerosis (AS) is elusive. Our study identified miR-200a/Nrf2/GSDMD signaling pathway as critical mediators in the effect of piceatannol on macrophages. In the present study, we confirmed that treatment of piceatannol repressed the oxLDL-induced lipid storage in macrophages. Compared with control group, piceatannol inhibited TG storage and the activity of caspase1. It is noting that in response to oxLDL challenge, piceatannol abated the pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells, with a decreased expression of caspase1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-18, IL-1β and NLRP3. Moreover, we investigated the role of microRNA (miR)-200a/Nrf2 signaling pathway in the effect of piceatannol. The results declared that after transfection of si-miR-200a or si-Nrf2 plasmids, the effects of piceatannol on macrophages were converted, including lipid storage and pyroptosis. Importantly, si-miR-200a plasmid reduced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating that miR-200a acted as an enhancer of Nrf2 in macrophages. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that piceatannol exerts anti-atherosclerotic activity on RAW264.7 cells by regulating miR-200a/Nrf2/GSDMD signaling. The present study is the first time to identify miR-200a as a candidate target in AS and declared an association between miR-200a and pyroptosis, which provides a novel therapy for the treatment of AS. Many adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) use device treatments inadequately and remain untreated. To determine whether combined palatal and tongue surgery to enlarge or stabilize the upper airway is an effective treatment for patients with OSA when conventional device treatment failed. Multicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized clinical trial of upper airway surgery vs ongoing medical management. Adults with symptomatic moderate or severe OSA in whom conventional treatments had failed were enrolled between November 2014 and October 2017, with follow-up until August 2018. Multilevel surgery (modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and minimally invasive tongue volume reduction; n = 51) or ongoing medical management (eg, advice on sleep positioning, weight loss; n = 51). Primary outcome measures were the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; ie, the number of apnea and hypopnea events/h; 15-30 indicates moderate and >30 indicates severe OSA) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS; range, 0-24; >10 is of old blood). In this preliminary study of adults with moderate or severe OSA in whom conventional therapy had failed, combined palatal and tongue surgery, compared with medical management, reduced the number of apnea and hypopnea events and patient-reported sleepiness at 6 months. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in additional populations and to understand clinical utility, long-term efficacy, and safety of multilevel upper airway surgery for treatment of patients with OSA. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000338662.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000338662.