Then, combined with the boundary conditions of the measurement space of the electromagnetic flowmeter, the Green's function is analyzed. Finally, the general model of weight function is solved by using the expression of Green's function, then the expression of the weight function of the electromagnetic flowmeter is obtained when the measured fluid is hybrid gas-liquid two-phase flow. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reasonably describe the influence of the gas in the measured fluid on the output signal of the sensor, and the experimental results also indirectly prove the rationality of this method.P2V (pedestrian-to-vehicle) communication, in which a pedestrian's mobile device notifies its position to nearby vehicles in order to prevent pedestrian accidents, has attracted much research interest recently, but its performance largely depends on the precision of pedestrians' positioning. Pedestrian positioning is generally performed by using GPS (Global Positioning System), and its precision may greatly degrade in urban canyons. To improve positioning precision of pedestrians, it was proposed that vehicles around pedestrians be used as anchors beside satellites. In this method, a pedestrian device overhears V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) communication signals which carry the vehicle position and calculates a pedestrian's position using pedestrian-vehicle distance/angle information estimated from CSI (channel state information) of the V2V signals. selleck inhibitor However, angle estimation typically depends on the number of antennas of the pedestrian device. In this paper, we propose a new method to estimate signal radiation angle by tracking temporal change of CSI caused by vehicle movement during signal transmission and investigate its application to precise pedestrian positioning. Three-dimensional ray tracing simulations confirm that compared to the base method using eight antennas, the proposed method with a single antenna reduces average angle error from 13 degrees to 3.9 degrees, and reduces average positioning error from 2.49 m to 0.78 m.RNA quality control is an indispensable but poorly understood process that enables organisms to distinguish functional RNAs from nonfunctional or inhibitory ones. In chloroplasts, whose gene expression activities are required for photosynthesis, retrograde signaling, and plant development, RNA quality control is of paramount importance, as transcription is relatively unregulated. The functional RNA population is distilled from this initial transcriptome by a combination of RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleases. One of the key enzymes is RNase J, a 5'→3' exoribonuclease and an endoribonuclease that has been shown to trim 5' RNA termini and eliminate deleterious antisense RNA. In the absence of RNase J, embryo development cannot be completed. Land plant RNase J contains a highly conserved C-terminal domain that is found in GT-1 DNA-binding transcription factors and is not present in its bacterial, archaeal, and algal counterparts. The GT-1 domain may confer specificity through DNA and/or RNA binding and/or protein-protein interactions and thus be an element in the mechanisms that identify target transcripts among diverse RNA populations. Further understanding of chloroplast RNA quality control relies on discovering how RNase J is regulated and how its specificity is imparted.We have derived the fundamental formula of phonon transport in water for the evaluation of quantum thermal conductance by using a one-dimensional phonon model based on the nonequilibrium Green's function method. In our model, phonons are excited as quantum waves from the left or right reservoir and propagate from left to right of H 2 O layer or vice versa. We have assumed these reservoirs as being of periodic structures, whereas we can also model the H 2 O sandwiched between these reservoirs as having aperiodic structures of liquid containing N water molecules. We have extracted the dispersion curves from the experimental absorption spectra of the OH stretching and intermolecular modes of water molecules, and calculated phonon transmission function and quantum thermal conductance. In addition, we have simplified the formulation of the transmission function by employing a case of one water molecule (N=1). From this calculation, we have obtained the characteristic that the transmission probability is almost unity at the frequency bands of acoustic and optical modes, and the transmission probability vanishes by the phonon attenuation reflecting the quantum tunnel effect outside the bands of these two modes. The classical limit of the thermal conductance calculated by our formula agreed with the literature value (order of 10 - 10 W/K) in high temperature regime (>300 K). The present approach is powerful enough to be applicable to molecular systems containing proteins as well, and to evaluate their thermal conductive characteristics.Prion diseases are neurodegenerative and invariably fatal conditions that affect humans and animals. In particular, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are paradigmatic forms of human and animal prion diseases, respectively. Human exposure to BSE through contaminated food caused the appearance of the new variant form of CJD (vCJD). These diseases are caused by an abnormal prion protein named PrPSc (or prion), which accumulates in the brain and leads to the onset of the disease. Their definite diagnosis can be formulated only at post-mortem after biochemical and neuropathological identification of PrPSc. Thanks to the advent of an innovative technique named protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), traces of PrPSc, undetectable with the standard diagnostic techniques, were found in peripheral tissues of patients with vCJD, even at preclinical stages. The technology is currently being used in specialized laboratories and can be exploited for helping physicians in formulating an early and definite diagnosis of vCJD using peripheral tissues. However, this assay is currently unable to detect prions associated with the sporadic CJD (sCJD) forms, which are more frequent than vCJD. This review will focus on the most recent advances and applications of PMCA in the field of vCJD and other human prion disease diagnosis.