women (73.1%) and cannot be addictive (58.2%). Electronic cigarettes were considered helpful in smoking cessation by 69.1% of participants. The proportions of adults who were currently electronic cigarette and dual smokers were 11.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Our research may provide insight to product and individual factors that were associated with plans to sustain, quit or initiate electronic smoking. A large number of studies have evaluated the pharmacology, safety, and/or efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate for the relief of common gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea and vomiting due to acute gastroenteritis. In addition, short-term (48h) medication with bismuth subsalicylate is known to be effective against infectious gastroenteritis such as travelers' diarrhea. Previous studies have documented the bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects of bismuth subsalicylate against a variety of pathogenic gastrointestinal bacteria. However, meta-analyses of the clinical efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate for both prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea have not yet been published. A total of 14 clinical studies (from 1970s to 2007) comprised the core data used in this assessment of efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate against infectious (including travelers') diarrhea. These studies allowed for statistical meta-analyses regarding prevention (three travelers' diarrhea studies) and treatment of infectious diarrheriate antibiotic utilization. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and high-resolution manometry (HRM) can be used in the evaluation of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) for frequent symptoms such as dysphagia. However, the role of these examinations is not clear. The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the subjective symptoms of EoE patients with EUS and HRM. Patients who had endoscopic findings indicative of EoE and matched the number of eosinophil infiltrates used as diagnostic criteria were recruited between September 2018 and August 2019. Evaluable subjects underwent EUS and HRM and completed the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire. The esophageal wall thickness (evaluated with EUS) and HRM parameters between patients with and without symptoms were retrospectively compared. Symptomatic patients were re-examined using EUS and HRM 6months after treatment. A total of 35 patients (29 males, median age of 49years) were divided into symptomatic (20 patients) and asymptomatic groups (15 patients). The esophageal wall was thicker, and the distal contractile integral (DCI) values were higher in the symptomatic group (P < 0.001). In addition, DCI values were positively correlated with esophageal wall thickness. After treatment, the GSRS scores showed an improving trend for each item. Esophageal wall thickness and DCI values were significantly decreased (Ps < 0.001). Esophageal wall thickening and increased esophageal body pressure may be involved in subjective symptoms. In addition, treatment may reduce esophageal thickness and pressure along with improvement of subjective symptoms.Esophageal wall thickening and increased esophageal body pressure may be involved in subjective symptoms. In addition, treatment may reduce esophageal thickness and pressure along with improvement of subjective symptoms.Forsythia saxatilis, a Korean native Forsythia, is recognized as an endangered species in the Korean Red List. We carried out a comprehensive embryological investigation, including a study of the pericarp development, of F. saxatilis and compared it with previously acquired information on the family Oleaceae and also with Abeliophyllum distichum, a close relative of Forsythia. Our results revealed that several embryological features of Forsythia are exclusively comparable with the family Oleaceae, particularly in relation to A. distichum. Despite the differences in fruit types and pericarp ontogeny, Forsythia shares some unique embryological features with Abeliophyllum, for instance the basic type of anther wall development, formation of the nucellar cap, a long micropyle, formation of the obturator and hypostase, and the crushed endotesta. see more Furthermore, the loculicidal capsule of Forsythia seems to be primitive within the tribe Forsythieae and samara of Abeliophyllum might be evolved from it. In conclusion, a considerable number of synapomorphies of embryological characters supports recent molecular reports and provide additional embryological evidence for the sister-group relationship of Forsythia and Abeliophyllum.Flying safely and avoiding obstacles in low light is crucial for the bumblebees that forage around dawn and dusk. Previous work has shown that bumblebees overcome the limitations of their visual system-typically adapted for bright sunlight-by increasing the time over which they sample photons. While this improves visual sensitivity, it decreases their capacity to resolve fast motion. This study investigates what effect this has on obstacle avoidance in flight, a task that requires the bees to reliably detect obstacles in the frontal visual field and to make a timely diversion to their flight path. In both bright and dim light, bumblebees avoided the 5 cm diameter obstacle at a consistent distance (22 cm) although in dim light they approached it more slowly from a distance of at least at least 80 cm. This suggests that bumblebees have an effective strategy for avoiding obstacles in all light conditions under which they are naturally active, and it is hypothesised that this is based on a time-to-contact prediction. Besides energy supply, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) acts as a bioactive molecule to play multiple protective roles, even in diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonizing effects of BHB against diabetic glomerulosclerosis and the underlying mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes and then treated with different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate. After 10weeks, body weight, blood glucose, serum creatinine and 24-h urine protein were examined. Glomerular morphological changes and the contents of collagen type IV (COL IV) were evaluated. Then, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad3 contents and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) generation were detected. Moreover, the total contents of trans-activating histone H3K9 β-hydroxybutyrylation (H3K9bhb) and the contents of H3K9bhb in the Mmp-2 promoter were measured. It was firstly confirmed that BHB treatments reduced renal biochemical indicators and attenuated glomerular morphological changes of the diabetic rats, with COL IV content decreased in a concentration-dependent manner.