Limiting access to the HPV vaccine when medically efficacious is a perceived infringement of an individual's right to health. Brazil has a constitutional responsibility to reduce these access barriers. The milk somatic cell count (SCC) is a standard parameter for monitoring intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy ruminants. In goats, however, the physiological increase in SCC occurring in late lactation heavily compromises its reliability. To identify and understand milk protein changes specifically related to IMI, we carried out a shotgun proteomics study comparing high SCC late lactation milk from goats with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus IMI and from healthy goats to low SCC mid-lactation milk from healthy goats. As a result, we detected 52 and 19 differential proteins (DPs) in S. aureus-infected and uninfected late lactation milk, respectively. Unexpectedly, one of the proteins higher in uninfected milk was serum amyloid A. On the other hand, 38 DPs were increased only in S. aureus-infected milk and included haptoglobin and numerous cytoskeletal proteins. Based on STRING analysis, the DPs unique to S. aureus infected milk were mainly involved in defense response, cytoskeleton organization, cell-to-cell, and cell-to-matrix interactions. Being tightly and specifically related to infectious/inflammatory processes, these proteins may hold promise as more reliable markers of IMI than SCC in late lactation goats. SIGNIFICANCE The biological relevance of our results lies in the increased understanding of the changes specifically related to bacterial infection of the goat udder in late lactation. The DPs present only in S. aureus infected milk may find application as markers for improving the specificity of subclinical mastitis monitoring and detection in dairy goats in late lactation, when other widespread tools such as the SCC lose diagnostic value. HER2-positive breast cancer, an aggressive cancer, is treated with combinations of conventional anticancer drugs viz., cytotoxic drugs, nibs, and mAbs. Major limitations associated with this therapy are patient non-compliance due to the adverse drug reactions and rapid development of resistance by the HER2-positive malignant cells. While the former is addressed by the nano-formulations of the anticancer-drugs to some extent, the latter is still at large. This is because the nanocarriers of the anticancer drugs, by and large, lack the target specificity and selectivity. Thus, nowadays, to over-come these problems, various safe and efficacious biological agents are being used to direct the nanotherapeutics towards the HER2-positive breast cancers. The present review describes the potentials of such biological agents. Carvedilol (CAR), a β-adrenoceptor and α1-receptor blocker, has pH-dependent solubility, which greatly limits its oral bioavailability. In this work, a precipitation inhibitor-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (PI-SNEDDS) was developed by employing Soluplus and Poloxamer 407 to improve drug dissolution and to inhibit drug precipitation in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro phase distribution and in vivo dissolution studies indicated that PI-SNEDDS significantly increased drug content in the oil phase of the nanoemulsions in the stomach and greatly inhibited the subsequent precipitation of CAR in the intestine compared with the carvedilol self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (CAR SNEDDS) and the carvedilol tablets. Moreover, a 1.56-fold increase in the relative bioavailability of CAR was observed for the CAR PI-SNEDDS (397.41%) compared to a CAR SNEDDS (254.09%) with commercial capsules as a reference. Therefore, our developed PI-SNEDDS is a promising vehicle for improving the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs with pH-dependent solubility. Mobile health (mHealth) apps have received increasing attention, due to their abilities to support patients who suffer from various conditions. mHealth apps may be especially helpful for patients with chronic diseases, by providing pertinent information, tracking symptoms, and inspiring adherence to medication regimens. To achieve these objectives, researchers need to prototype mHealth apps with dedicated software architectures. In this paper, a cloud-based mHealth application development concept is presented for chronic patient supportive care apps. The concept integrates existing software platforms and services for simplified app development that can be reused for other target applications. This developmental method also facilitates app portability, through the use of common components found across multiple mobile platforms, and scalability, through the loose coupling of services. The results are demonstrated by the development of native Android and cross-platform web apps, in a case study that presents an mHealth solution for endocrine hormone therapy (EHT). A performance analysis methodology, an app usability evaluation, based on focus group responses, and alpha and pre-beta testing results are provided. Multi-lamellar liposomes (MLLs), prepared by shearing a lamellar phase composed of lipids (phosphatidylcholine) and surfactant (Tween 80®), were designed to control their size, charge and elasticity, the key parameters known to influence liposomes penetration through skin. Their size was tuned by the water content of the sheared lamellar phase, and by the surfactant-to-lipid ratio as was their elasticity. Their charge was varied by the incorporation of DPPG and DOTAP to confer a high negative or positive zeta potential, respectively. Couples of MLLs differing solely in one physicochemical parameter, the others kept constant, were compared to discriminate the influence of the key parameters on their penetration through a synthetic membrane, Strat-MTM. Using confocal Raman microscopy, the kinetics of MLLs penetration was established for 40 hours using a Franz cell dispositive under non-occlusive conditions. From these comparisons, we showed that their transversal diffusion cannot be predicted by one sole parameter but depends on a combination of their physicochemical characteristics that were enlightened. selleck compound Two types of liposomes designed for topic and systemic diffusion and tested on dog-excised skin exhibited the predicted behavior. Eventually, a mechanism supported by complementary TEM analysis is proposed to shed light on MLLs skin penetration.