Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use is high in the Czech Republic (CR) - it reached 31.2 % of the population in the age group 15-64 years in 2017. Semaxanib mouse Diabetes mellitus (DM) applies to 8.8 % of the Czech population. Risks of illicit drug use in diabetic patients are related both to their effect on glucose metabolism and to the lifestyle associated with illicit drug use, which might lead to worsened glycemic control and increased morbidity and mortality of the patients. Cannabis use, being the most common illicit drug use in the CR, presumably does not have a direct effect on glucose metabolism. However, it increases appetite and decreases self-control. Opioids/opiates disrupt insulin secretion, which consequently leads to hyperglycaemia. On the other hand, hypoglycaemia might be an adverse effect of opioid treatment in diabetic patients. Cocaine and other stimulants such as MDMA increase a blood glucose level and increase the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in Type 1 DM. Patients with DM who use illicit drugs should therefore be sufficiently informed about health risks related to illicit drug use in combination with DM.The main aim of this educational article ( narrative review ) is to reflect clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) published in J Hepatol 2018, contrasting with the 2012 guidelines especialy in the new terminology of alcohol-related liver diseases (ALD). The strong emphasis on prevention of alcohol use disorders (AUD) may be exert at all stages of public health care. Another aim of the article are ALD history, epidemiology, metabolism of alcohol and clinical pictures of ALD.Interferon alfa (IFNα) has been used in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders for more than 30 years. IFNα has been shown to induce clinical, hematological, molecular, and histopathological remission, but its toxicity has remained a limitation of its more widespread use. The development of pegylated forms with a better tolerance has brought new options for patients. Phase III clinical trials, ropeginterferonα versus hydroxyurea PROUD-PV and CONTINUATION-PV, have shown long-term superiority in the efficacy and safety when comparing ropeginterferon alfa-2 b with hydroxyurea. Therapeutic use of interferons is a necessary part of the treatment regimen in younger at-risk patients in the first line, but until now, no SPC of a non-pegylated or pegylated interferon included treatment of patients with polycythemia vera. Ropeginterferon alfa-2 b (Besremi®) is the first and only one to have obtained registration and is available in the European Union as well as the Czech Republic for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera without symptomatic splenomegaly.Diabetes mellitus is the name of a group of chronic diseases in which absolute or relative lack of insulin causes hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemic environment causes disorders of the cells of innate immunity, which leads to reduced function of the immune system, and therefore diabetics are more susceptible to infections. Due to immune dysfunction, infections are not only more common, but also more severe and with higher mortality than in people without diabetes. Nevertheless, in diabetics, an adequate immune response to the vaccine is maintained, so it is possible to use one of the most effective options for preventing infections, which is vaccination. When vaccinating diabetics, it is appropriate to prefer inactivated vaccines, the use of which is safe even in immunocompromised persons, of course, while respecting general contraindications. This article is focused on the five most common vaccine-preventable infections, including vaccines that are recommended for diabetics.Cholestasis is defined as hepatocyte and cholangiocyte bile excretion failure or failure of bile transport to the duodenum. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis as chronic progressive cholestatic diseases are the common reasons of chronic cholestasis. Altogether with cholestatic laboratory picture the pruritus, liver osteodystrophy and fatigue are associated symptoms in both diseases. All associated symptoms and complications are needed to be diagnosed and treated early. In case of liver cirrhosis complicatons of accompanied portal hypertension should be treated and liver transplantation must be considered in all those patients. Diagnosis of PBC is based on cholestatic laboratory features, animitochondrial antibody positivity or typical histological patern. Most patients are asymptomatic in time of diagnosis. First line therapy is ursodeoxycholic acid. In case of first line therapy failure, the prognosis is unfavourable. In this case, second line therapy must be considered. In case of PSC the diagnosis is based on MRCP finding mainly, laboratory test and liver biopsy in some cases. Progressive inflamatory and fibrosing impairment affecting intrahepatic and extrahepatict biliary ducts and strong association with inflamatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis is typical for PSC. Endoscopic therapy with dilatation of dominant structure is crucial. The effect of pharmacotherapy is still being discussed and ursodeoxycholic acid could be used. During follow up patients are in the risk of bacterial cholangitis and malignant tumor development (cholangiogenic and colorectal carcinoma mainly). In PSC patients the severe pruritus and reccurent bacterial cholangitis could be an indication for the liver transplantation.stenosis is the most common acquired valve disease in adults and the prevalence of this disease is increasing with the aging population. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) became fully established method for treating this disease. The aim of this review is to present the current view of the performance technique, to summarize the data on the outcome of patients from recently published randomized studies and registries and to simply describe patient care after the procedure.The worldwide population is burdened with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from 10-13 %. Patients with CKD subsequently die to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and their complications. In the Czech population, in 2016, the number of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular dialytic treatment was 6 739, or 674/1 000 000 inhabitants. Overall mortality in regular dialysis treatment patients was 18.4 % in 2016, of which 43 % died of cardiovascular complications. In view of this fact, a number of expert groups are concerned, among other things, with the problems of lipid metabolism disorders, with the aim of finding a common predictive marker (preferably also therapeutically qualifiable) to stratify patients dialyzed or potentially indicating hypolipidemic therapy. The aim of possible interventions is to minimize cardiovascular risk and subsequent complications resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD), thus improving the quality of life of regular dialysis treatment patients.