Evidence in literature is still scarce about this technology applied to virtual reality and existing manuscripts are mainly focused on its potential to stratify surgical performance and provide synthetic feedbacks about it. In consideration of the exponential growth of computer calculation capabilities, it is possible to expect a parallel increase of research about this topic within the next few years.Machine learning and artificial intelligence are designed to analyse data and use them to take decisions that typically require human intelligence. Evidence in literature is still scarce about this technology applied to virtual reality and existing manuscripts are mainly focused on its potential to stratify surgical performance and provide synthetic feedbacks about it. In consideration of the exponential growth of computer calculation capabilities, it is possible to expect a parallel increase of research about this topic within the next few years. Management of positive margins after nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) excision is debated in the literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of residual tumor in reexcised NMSC specimens after previous excision with positive margins, to determine the rate of recurrence in patients who had positive margins but did not undergo reexcision, and to define the financial burden of negative reexcisions. An Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review was conducted on all patients with NMSC excision over a 15-year period. Patients who met inclusion criteria and underwent initial NMSC excision with negative frozen section margins, but had positive permanent section margins were divided into 2 groups those who underwent reexcision for clearance of tumor (n = 161) or those who did not undergo further reexcision (n = 105). Variables collected include demographics, previous skin cancer, tumor location, cancer subtype, excision measurements, and time between first and second excisions. For tter positive margins developed recurrence of disease at 5 years. Patients requiring larger reexcisions or those with a prior history of BCC were more likely to have residual cancer upon reexcision. This study suggests that observation is an appropriate option of care for certain patients with residual NMSC on permanent pathology.Forty-eight percent of NMSC patients with positive margins had residual tumor upon reexcision. There were 6.6% of the patients who did not undergo resection after positive margins developed recurrence of disease at 5 years. Patients requiring larger reexcisions or those with a prior history of BCC were more likely to have residual cancer upon reexcision. This study suggests that observation is an appropriate option of care for certain patients with residual NMSC on permanent pathology. The implant-enhanced latissimus dorsi (LD) flap, or a hybrid LD flap, is widely used in certain indications, even though abdominal-based flaps are now considered the gold standard of autologous breast reconstruction. selleck chemicals llc However, few articles distinguish the hybrid LD flap from traditional LD flaps, and not many articles have compared the surgical outcomes, with the abdominal-based flap procedure, especially in the area of immediate breast reconstruction. In addition, it is often overlooked that the reported esthetic comparisons are based on different populations and contralateral balancing procedures (CBPs). Thus, this study aimed to review the reconstruction outcomes and to compare the variable-matched esthetic outcomes between 2 groups. A retrospective review of patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with either a hybrid LD flap or an abdominal-based free flap and had completed at least 2 years of follow-up visits was carried out. The patient demographics, oncologic data, breast parameters, reconstruction procedure. If properly used in certain populations, hybrid LD flaps may offer superior results regarding symmetry over the abdominal-based flap procedure.The LD flap in combination with an implant remains a viable option in immediate breast reconstruction and had a similar complication profile while having a shorter operative time compared with the abdominal-based autologous breast reconstruction procedure. If properly used in certain populations, hybrid LD flaps may offer superior results regarding symmetry over the abdominal-based flap procedure.The combined Norfolk and Norwich & St. Andrew's (Chelmsford) FRCS (Plast) revision course is aimed at preparing candidates for Part 2 of the FRCS examination. It aims to closely replicate the actual examination and is delivered in the same format over 2 days. It differs from other FRCS courses in offering each candidate a significant number of real patient examination scenarios. This review evaluates the course. Increased emphasis is on using tissue substitutes and stem cells to improve flap applicability and survival rates. To accomplish this, the first step is to have a versatile experimental flap, easy to harvest and use as a template. We sought to develop a reliable experimental chimeric groin flap with free mobility and reliable bloods supply that can be twisted, relocated, and integrated easily with other materials. Ten male Wistar rats were included. The flap consists of a 2.5-cm skin paddle centered on the medial branch of the inferior epigastric artery and a 4.5/2-cm fat pad supplied by the lateral branch of the inferior epigastric artery. After being raised, flaps were resutured in their anatomical position. Flaps were followed up for 15 days. At the end of the study, the viability of flaps was analyzed by ultrahigh-frequency ultrasound, nontargeted contrast study, and histology assessment. All flaps survived without significant complications. Nontargeted microbubbles spread evenly in both the superficial and deep flap. Ultrasound assessment at day 15 showed no significant areas of necrosis or edema. Histology examination of 3 random flaps confirmed vessel patency and flap viability. We propose a simple, easy to harvest and reliable experimental flap which offers a main advantage of all-around mobility through its chimeric design. It is a suitable model for bioengineering studies as it can be used as a template for integration of tissue substitutes or stem cells, between its 2 components.We propose a simple, easy to harvest and reliable experimental flap which offers a main advantage of all-around mobility through its chimeric design. It is a suitable model for bioengineering studies as it can be used as a template for integration of tissue substitutes or stem cells, between its 2 components.