Importantly, the data presented here, combining epidemiological and molecular insights, highlights a wider-than-expected global range of *C. felis* infection in cattle, with a significant risk of transmission to humans.A misalignment of bone, tendon, and ligamentous-articular structures within the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) gives rise to iatrogenic hallux varus, a condition that progressively displaces the big toe medially. The interplay of excessive medial tension and the deficiency or excessive slackening of lateral capsular-ligamentous soft tissues constitutes a secondary factor. This article explores a rare, albeit intricate, postoperative complication of hallux valgus deformity, the acquisition of hallux varus. This study, leveraging the literature, discusses the clinical anatomy of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, examines the pathogenesis of tendon-muscle imbalances, and explores the principle causes of hallux varus. Examined are the challenges confronting the clinic, X-ray diagnostic procedures, and the classification of this specific form of foot pathology, followed by a detailed description of the appropriate surgical tactics for different deformities.Genetic and/or environmental risk factors are associated with the elevated blood glucose levels that define Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The global public health landscape is significantly impacted by the dangerous nature of T2D, a clinical syndrome. Extensive studies have confirmed that multiple candidate genes are functionally implicated in Type 2 Diabetes development. Among the candidate genes associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Hence, this research project intended to investigate the link between ACE2 gene polymorphisms and the development of T2D within Iraq. Among the participants in this study were 100 individuals with Type 2 Diabetes, along with 50 healthy individuals forming the control group, for a total of 150 subjects. Upon analyzing the collected data, 78% of the subjects were identified as non-smokers; the remainder were smokers. The findings of the current investigation suggest that a considerable 61% of Type 2 Diabetes patients experience hypertension, a statistically significant association (P=0.0028). This study's findings indicate that the GG genotype was present in 80% of the patients. Even so, 26% of the subjects carried the GA genotype; no significant difference was seen between patient and control groups (OR = 0.78). The gene bank archive shows mutations in the ACE2 gene linked to accession numbers LC656363, LC656364, LC656365, LC656366, LC656367, and LC656368. mcc950 inhibitor This study's findings highlight a correlation between genetic variations, specifically mutations and polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene, and the subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus bore the imprint of the presence of polymorphisms, deletion mutations, and insertion mutations. The study's data pointed to mutations observed within the Clinical Variation website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information at NCBI. This study found a correlation existing between tobacco use and the risk factor of type 2 diabetes onset. Impaired insulin production in people with type 2 diabetes, as this study's results indicate, may be a direct consequence of mutations affecting the three encoded genes.Across the globe, leishmaniasis represents a substantial challenge to public health in numerous countries. The threat of this illness extends to millions of people across the globe. The prevalence of this parasite in Iran and developing nations, compounded by the emergence of resistance to existing treatments, necessitates the creation of a robust and effective leishmaniasis vaccine. Employing bioinformatics methods, this research project focuses on crafting a multi-epitope vaccine originating from the LACK, LeIF, GP63, and SMT antigens of the Leishmania major parasite. Cloning and sub-cloning of the 1686 kDa synthesized construct were performed in pEGFP-N1 and pLEXSY-neo2, respectively. Transfection of L. tarentolae promastigotes then occurred. Upon confirmation of the expression, a total of eight groups of BALB/c mice (nine per group) were immunized three times with a two-week interval between each treatment. Cellular immunity was evaluated prior to and following the L. major challenge. Subsequently, at the three-week post-infection mark, the survival rate, the average lesion size, and the parasite load were assessed. The vaccinated mice displayed a demonstrably partial immunity against higher IFN- levels compared to the control cohorts, a finding that reached statistical significance (P < 0.005). Treatment of mice with the cytosolic complex (G1) elicited the highest IFN-γ levels and a superior IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, demonstrating the lowest IL-4 and IL-10 levels relative to the control and other groups (P<0.05), ultimately inducing a partial Th1 immune response. Groups G1 and G5 showed a substantial decline in mean lesion size and parasite burden after the challenge, a statistically significant difference when compared to both control and other groups (P < 0.05). Achieving practical multi-epitope vaccines against Leishmania major might be within reach, judging from the encouraging outcomes of our study.A significant worldwide cause of death is the infectious disease tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli (MTB) detection using culture media was officially endorsed by the World Health Organization. However, the reliability of the assessment's effectiveness on clinically important characteristics is significantly hindered by its authenticity. The GeneXpert system identifies the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Through nucleic acid-based detection, the presence and specific drug resistance (isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)) in tuberculosis cases can be determined. Utilizing the GeneXpert instrument and a specialized reagent cartridge, DNA amplification is performed on the suspected sample using this method. Although GeneXpert provides a rapid method for MTB diagnosis, the frequency of false negative results makes the culture media technique the accepted gold standard for M. tuberculosis identification. The current study sought to determine the relative strengths of GeneXpert and solid culture techniques for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Employing both diagnostic techniques, researchers examined sputum samples from 250 (n=250) individuals potentially suffering from tuberculosis (TB). The 250 suspected patient samples were analyzed using two methods: culture media, which returned 30 positive results (12%); and GeneXpert, which returned 17 positive results (68%). The detection capabilities of M. tuberculosis vary between GeneXpert and culture-based tests. In the current study, the cultural method of detecting M. tuberculosis exhibited greater efficiency and reliability compared to GeneXpert.The gastrointestinal tract's most common malignancy is colorectal cancer (CRC), which contributes to the fourth-highest cancer death toll worldwide. A non-cancerous increase in mucosal epithelial cells frequently marks the commencement. Polyps, these growths, are capable of slow, progressive development over 10 to 20 years, potentially leading to cancerous transformation. This research sought to delineate the epidemiological features of colorectal cancer cases diagnosed in Baghdad during the period from 2015 to 2021. Sixty cases of varying colorectal cancer samples were gathered from Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, and private laboratories. Clinical information was obtained, encompassing patient demographics (age, gender, and location), tumor characteristics (size and pathological grade), and disease stage. A high rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) was observed in patients between the ages of 60 and 90, with a substantial prevalence reaching 403%, and an even higher frequency, 596%, was found in the left colon. Malignant cases demonstrated a prominent tumor size of 5cm, and a substantial 520% increase in C.R.C. diagnoses was seen in the female demographic. While stage I.I.A. tumors were most prevalent, comprising 596% of cases, moderately differentiated tumors also showed high frequency, reaching 673% (P005). Adenocarcinoma is the prevailing type of C.R.C. in Iraq, typically appearing in patients over 60 years old, presenting at the I.I.A. stage with a tumor of moderate grade. Effective disease control and treatment strategies hinge on early detection and diagnosis.High-temperature rearing conditions were used to examine the effects of tartaric and salicylic acids on the chemical composition of eggs. This experiment involved 210 brown Lohman hens and was conducted in the poultry field of the University of Diyala's College of Agriculture, and the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Animal Production Department. Sixty weeks of experimentation were segmented into seven distinct treatment groups, specifically T1 (control), T2 (0.2% tartaric acid), T3 (0.2% salicylic acid), T4 (0.4% mixture of organic acids), T5, and T6. These treatments were applied to the drinking water. The ration contained 02% tartaric acid and 02% salicylic acid, while T7 was incorporated into the diet formulation at a concentration of 04% of the combined organic acids. At the age of seventy-five weeks, eggs were randomly collected from each treatment group, with five eggs per treatment, to assess how the treatments affected the chemical composition of the produced eggs; statistical analysis, detailed in Appendix 1, revealed no significant effect (P<0.05) of the different treatments on the measured traits, encompassing moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash content in both egg whites and yolks. Analysis from this study revealed that the inclusion of tartaric and salicylic acids in water and feed sources did not produce a significant difference in the eggs produced by Lohman chickens.Though a substantial factor in cervical cancer, HPV is not the preeminent cause; other contributors are also necessary for the condition's progression. In this study, a pap smear was instrumental in the identification of HPV-16 L1 gene expression in human papillomavirus samples. Sixty serum samples from females infected with papillomavirus, along with another 60 healthy control samples, comprised the total of 120 serum samples.