Parathyroid cancer is arare endocrine malignancy. find more These tumors are typically functional, causing severe hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Nonfunctional parathyroid cancer with normal serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels is extremely rare. The disease is usually indolent but progressive with atendency to metastasize. It is very difficult to diagnose this malignancy. The definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination. Radical surgery with ipsilateral lobectomy and en bloc neck dissection is considered to be the most appropriate therapeutic approach. There is no evidence of efficiency of adjuvant cancer therapy and its indication has not been defined. Disease recurrence is common. We report the case of a26-year-old female patient who underwent left hemithyroidectomy for growth progression of ahypoechoic lesion behind the left thyroid lobe detected by ultrasonography. Preoperative cytology and imaging assessments were not suspicious for malignancy. Serum parathyroid horm close follow-up are crucial aspects to affect the mortality and morbidity of patients with this type of malignancy. The incidence of parathyroid - glandula parathyreoideae (PTG) diseases has been increasing worldwide. Unlike benign tumours, the incidence of malignant PTG tumours is rather arare diagnosis. The morbidity of parathyroid surgery is associated with surgical removal of one or more pathologically altered parathyroid glands, particularly parathyroid adenoma associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPPT), but also hyperplasia associated with secondary or tertiary HPPT, and last but not least, HPPT due to parathyroid cancer. Aretrospective statistical analysis was performed in the set of patients undergoing surgery for aparathyroid disorder at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital in Prague in 2013-2019 (7-year period). In this period, 127 procedures were performed. The incidences of morbidity, mortality, complications and lethality were analysed. Parathyroid surgery was performed in 20 male and 107 femall specialties is reflected in a very low incidence of RLN injuries and in sufficient oncological, or respectively, surgical radicality. This, in connection with other medical fields of endocrinology, nephrology, transplantology, nuclear medicine and oncology, allows a safe and effective treatment of all PTG disorders with a good prognosis for the patients. In those with secondary or tertiary HPPT, it not only improves their quality of life, which was not explored in our study, but in many cases it is an essential step for listing the patient for the transplant surgery. The current level of experience in the field of parathyroid carcinoma does not enable us to formulate any conclusions in terms of prognosis which should be considered as very serious in all cases. The incidence of thyroid disorders has been rising worldwide. Unlike the incidence, mortality associated with malignant thyroid cancer shows only amodest increase. Between 1979 and 2009, mortality in Czech women increased from 1.21 to 1.31 and in Czech men from 0.54 to 0.74 cases per 100,000 individuals. Methods Aretrospective statistical analysis was performed in patients undergoing thyroid surgery at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, and at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education in Prague from 1991 to 2010 (twenty years). In this period, 11,005 procedures were done for thyroid disease. The study analysed the incidence, morbidity, mortality, surgical complications and lethality. The study group included surgeries in 1588 male and 9417 female patients. The male/female ratio was 15.93. Benign thyroid tumours - mean patient age is 54.7 years; recuupports asafe and effective management of all thyroid disorders, including agood prognosis of patients with most types of cancer. Key word thyroid surgery - complications recurrent nerve - hypoparathyroidism lethality.Each surgery procedure is associated with complications, morbidity and mortality. Experience of endocrine surgeons of all disciplines leads to a very low incidence of recurrent nerve and parathyroid gland injuries while at the same time achieving sufficient radicality. This, in cooperation with other medical fields such as endocrinologists, nuclear medicine specialists and oncologists, supports a safe and effective management of all thyroid disorders, including a good prognosis of patients with most types of cancer. Key word thyroid surgery - complications recurrent nerve - hypoparathyroidism lethality.Úvod Poranění zvratného nervu je jedna z nejzávažnějších komplikací chirurgie štítné žlázy, chirurgie příštítných tělísek a chirurgie krčních obratlů. V literatuře se popisuje poranění zevní větve hrtanových nervů jako méně časté. Tato komplikace je natolik vážná, že může vést k invalidizaci hlasových profesionálů (učitelů, herců, zpěváků, profesionálních řečníků a manažerů). Současná klinická praxe je spojena se zvýšeným úsilím o peroperační ochranu funkce zvratných nervů využíváním elektrofyziologické monitorace funkce inervace hrtanu a současné vizualizace zvratných nervů. Metody Design studie je prospektivní observační. Ze souboru 100 po sobě jdoucích operací byly chirurgy náhodně vytvořeny dvě skupiny Skupina A - s použitím neuromonitoringu (IONM) a skupina B - identifikace a vizuali jednostranná paréza) v závislosti na chirurgické technice bez využití IONM a s využitím IONM prováděných chirurgem s rozdílnou zkušeností v chirurgii štítné žlázy. Studie prokázala, že IONM může pomoci vyrovnat handicap u začínajících a méně zkušených chirurgů a omezit incidenci morbidity zvratného nervu v chirurgii štítné žlázy.