It is found that both N2 and NNH species have the strongest interaction with Mo(110) leading to the initial activation of N2 on the Mo(110) surface being a spontaneous process. A kinetic model based on the Marcus theory is applied to calculate the potential-dependent reaction barrier of electrochemical hydrogenation steps of the N2 reduction reaction. The rate-determining step is the fifth hydrogenation step *NH → *NH2 on Fe(110) and Mo(110) surfaces, and the first hydrogenation step *N2 → *NNH on Rh(111) and Ru(0001) surfaces. The predicted electrocatalytic activity from the potential-dependent rate constant of the rate-determining step on the four metal electrodes decreases in sequence Fe(110) > Mo(110) > Ru(0001) > Rh(111).We herein developed a new class of carborhodamines (CRs), i.e. 10-methoxy-substituted carborhodamines MCRs, by a simple synthesis procedure, which have absorption and emission wavelengths longer than classical CRs while retaining their excellent photophysical properties. Based on the MCR platform, we constructed the mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe MCR-DMA and demonstrated its potential for sensing singlet oxygen (1O2) in living cells during the photodynamic therapy process.Low molecular weight selenium containing metabolites in the leaves of the selenium hyperaccumulator Cardamine violifolia (261 mg total Se per kg d.w.) were targeted in this study. One dimensional cation exchange chromatography coupled to ICP-MS was used for purification and fractionation purposes prior to LC-Unispray-QTOF-MS analysis. The search for selenium species in full scan spectra was assisted with an automated mass defect based filtering approach. Besides selenocystathionine, selenohomocystine and its polyselenide derivative, a total number of 35 water soluble selenium metabolites other than selenolanthionine were encountered, including 30 previously unreported compounds. High occurrence of selenium containing hexoses was observed, together with the first assignment of N-glycoside derivatives of selenolanthionine. Quantification of the most abundant selenium species, selenolanthionine, was carried out with an ion pairing LC - post column isotope dilution ICP-MS setup, which revealed that this selenoamino acid accounted for 30% of the total selenium content of the leaf (78 mg (as Se) per kg d.w.).Neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides have been consumed worldwide, particularly in China. There is growing interest in the environmental research community about the occurrence, sources, and risks of neonicotinoids and fipronil. A new method based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and disc solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques were developed for the determination of neonicotinoids and fipronil in seawater in this research. The effects of the styrene divinyl benzene-reverse phase sulfonated (SDB-RPS) membrane-based solid phase extraction optimization process and the HPLC separation parameters on the detection results of the target compounds were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit of this method for 12 target compounds ranged from 0.05 ng L-1 to 0.50 ng L-1 and absolute recovery was achieved from 58.9-106.5%. The results proved that this method can effectively detect neonicotinoid and fipronil pesticides in seawater. At the same time, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, fipronil and its metabolites were found in seawater samples from the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent sea area. Among them, the total concentration of neonicotinoid insecticides ranged from ND-12.45 ng L-1 and the average total concentration was 3.5 ng L-1; the total concentration of fipronil and its metabolites ranged from ND-2.45 ng L-1, and the average total concentration was 0.79 ng L-1. The results showed that there was contamination of neonicotinoids and fipronil in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent area.MiRNAs play important regulatory roles in numerous biological processes and serve as significant biomarkers for the development and prognosis of several diseases. Their unique characteristics, such as short size, high sequence homology among family members, low abundance, and easy degradability, have hindered their specific and highly sensitive detection. Herein, a duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted target recycling signal amplification-based fluorescent lateral flow assay was demonstrated for the point-of-care detection of cancer-related miRNA-21. In this assay, digoxin/biotin-labeled DNA probes were selectively cleaved by the DSN enzyme in the rounds of hybridization with the miRNA-21 target and cleavage cycle. Subsequently, the resulting mixture, containing the miRNA-21 target and intact and cleaved DNA probes, was loaded onto the lateral flow strip with digoxin antibody-conjugated quantum dot nanobeads and the streptavidin-coated test line. OTUB2-IN-1 The increase in the proportion of cleaved DNA probes can induce a weakened response signal, which is directly associated with the amount of the miRNA target. Thus, highly sensitive quantification of miRNA-21 was achieved at a low limit of detection of 0.16 pM within 2 h of assay time. Assay specificity toward miRNA-21 was validated by testing several other miRNAs, including let-7b, let-7d, miRNA-141, and miRNA-200a. Moreover, the assay can quantify miRNA-21 spiked in human serum samples with acceptable recovery values, thus indicating its considerable clinical feasibility. To analyze progress in organizational structures, mechanisms, strategies, and enabling factors and barriers towards gender mainstreaming (GM) in health in Guatemala, Guyana, and Peru, given GM's role in addressing gender inequalities in health as a key structural driver of health equity. Data was obtained through a grey literature review of laws, policies, and/or program documents and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 37 informants. Analysis was based on a theoretical framework including 7 categories considered essential to advance GM in the health sector. Despite significant efforts and accumulated experiences of GM in health, structural barriers include wider societal challenges of transforming gender unequal power relations; health system complexity combined with the low technical, political, and financial capacity of institutional structures tasked with GM; and limited coordination with (often weak) National Women's Machineries (NWMs). In some contexts, barriers are compounded by limited understanding of basic concepts underlying GM (at times exacerbated by misunderstandings related to intersectionality and/or engagement with men) and the absence of indicators to measure GM's concrete results and impact.