5 μm particles from 6.0 μm particles with a recovery ratio higher than 80% and a purity higher than 92%, demonstrating a size-based inertial sorting at submicron resolution (i.e., 0.5 μm). We further applied this inertial sorting device to purify Candida species from whole blood sample for enhanced molecular diagnosis of bloodstream Candida infection and especially compared it with the commonly used lysis-centrifugation-based purification method (STEM method) by recovering two species of Candida (Cornus glabrata and Candida albicans) from Candida-spiked blood samples. Through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, we found that our inertial sorting approach has nearly 3-fold improvement on the pathogen recovery than the STEM method at pathogen abundances of 103 cfu/mL and 102 cfu/mL. The present inertial sorting at submicron resolution provides a simple, rapid, and efficient pathogen purification method for significantly improved molecular diagnosis of bloodstream Candida infection.Colloidal crystals show structural colors through wavelength-selective diffraction at photonic stopbands. Here, we design photonic Janus balls with a controlled magnetic moment for programmable structural color switching. The Janus balls are produced from microfluidically produced paired drops of two distinct photocurable resins. The lighter resin contains magnetic nanoparticles and carbon black, whereas heavier one contains silica particles at a high volume fraction. The paired drops spontaneously align vertically due to the density asymmetry. The magnetic moment is assigned in the vertically aligned drops by aligning magnetic nanoparticles with an external field and capturing them through photopolymerization. Silica particles in the heavier compartment spontaneously form crystalline arrays due to interparticle repulsion, developing structural colors. click here The resulting photonic Janus balls vertically align without an external field, like a roly-poly toy, so that carbon-black-laden compartments face upward. With an external magnetic field, the Janus balls align their magnetic moment to the field and display structural colors. Importantly, the direction of the magnetic moment is set by the direction of the external field during photopolymerization, which enables the simultaneous manipulation of orientations of distinct photonic Janus balls in a programmed manner. These photonic Janus balls are potentially useful as active color inks for anti-counterfeiting tags.Self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) has been developed as a promising approach for constructing photonic crystal (PC) microspheres for dynamic optical modulation. However, high curvature in the center of microspheres usually distorts the periodic core structure, leading to an inconsistency of photonic bandgap and poor monochromaticity of structural color. Herein, we report a simple yet robust strategy for fabricating responsive PC microcapsules of polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) through self-emulsification strategy. Interestingly, the microcapsules exhibit bright structural color with significantly enhanced monochromaticity, compared to their solid counterpart, since the microcapsules have no irregular cores. The structural colors of the PC microcapsules not only exhibit a variability through binary mixing of BCPs but also show a responsiveness to pH value. As a colored microcarrier, the PC microcapsules show a potential for visualizing the pH-dependent release behavior of encapsulated hydrophilic cargos on account of pH-responsive structural color.Electrochemical treatment systems have the unique ability to completely mineralize poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through potential-driven electron transfer reactions. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art on electrooxidation of PFASs in water, aiming at elucidating the impact of different operational and design parameters, as well as reported mechanisms of PFAS degradation at the anode surface. We have identified several shortcomings of the existing studies that are largely limited to small-scale laboratory batch systems and unrealistic synthetic solutions, which makes extrapolation of the obtained data to real-world applications difficult. PFASs are surfactant molecules, which display significant concentration-dependence on adsorption, electrosorption, and dissociation. Electrooxidation experiments conducted with high initial PFAS concentration and/or in high conductivity supporting electrolytes likely overestimate process performance. In addition, the formation of organohalogen byproducts, chlorate and perchlorate, was seldom considered. Nevertheless, the first step toward advancing from laboratory-scale to industrial-scale applications is recognizing both the strengths and limitations of electrochemical water treatment systems. More comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of novel electrode materials, application of scalable proof-of-concept studies, and acknowledgment of all treatment outputs (not just the positive ones) are imperative. The presence of PFASs in drinking water and in the environment is an urgent global public health issue. Developments made in material science and application of novel three-dimensional, porous electrode materials and nanostructured coatings are forging a path toward more sustainable water treatment technologies and potential chemical-free treatment of PFAS-contaminated water.Despite the physicochemical advantages of two-dimensional (2D) carbons for supercapacitors, the inappropriate texture within 2D carbon materials suppresses the charge storage capability. Reported here are heteroatom-rich carbon sheets with the overall network engineered by molecular structure modulation and subsequent chemical activation of a three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked polymer. The 3D-to-2D reconstruction mechanism is unveiled. The architecture with a large active surface, fully interpenetrating and conductive network, and rich surface heteroatoms relieves well the ionic diffusion restriction within thick sheets and reduces the overall resistance, exhibiting fast transport kinetics and excellent stability. Indeed, high gravimetric capacitance (281.1 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1), ultrahigh retention rate (92.5% at 100 A g-1), and impressive cyclability (89.7% retention after 20 000 cycles) are achieved by this material. It also possesses a high areal capacitance of 3.56 F cm-2 at 0.5 A g-1 under a high loading of 25 mg cm-2.