ame results as those that were obtained previously from the outdoor plants, including morphological and molecular results which confirm Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first record of P. roridum causing leaf spot on P. virginiana in China. The finding is beneficial to the better application of P. virginiana, a very common ornamental plant.There have been recent concerns about the failure of several global health interventions. Interventions are considered to have failed when they are unable to achieve the intended results. Failure may be linked to how the intervention was designed (design failure) or how it was implemented (implementation failure). Recently, substantial efforts have been employed to improve the outcomes of health interventions. These efforts have led to the development of several theories, models, and frameworks in implementation science to improve the quality of implementation, bridging the divide between evidence and practice. But significant gaps still exist. Whereas much work has been done to develop frameworks and approaches to improve implementation fidelity, not as much effort has been done to guide the adherence of interventions to program theory during the design of the programs. Further, there have been concerns about the applicability of these frameworks in the real-world. This article uses examples to illustrate these gaps and further proposes a pragmatic framework to address identified gaps, thus aiding evidence-informed program design and implementation. The proposed Theory-Design-Implementation (TyDI) framework will support policymakers, program planners and implementers to address potential design and implementation failure, thus improving the fidelity of interventions.Background Offspring of parents with premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) have an increased risk of developing subclinical and clinical CVD. It is unclear whether this association differs by vascular beds in the offspring or by the age cut points used to define premature parental CVD. Methods and Results Using 3 generations of Framingham Heart Study participants, we assessed prevalent coronary artery calcification, the progression of coronary artery calcification over 6.1 years (median), carotid intima media thickness and the ankle-brachial index in 1046 offspring of parents with premature CVD before age 70 years, in 1618 offspring with both parents free of CVD and in 923 offspring with parents with CVD after age 70 years. We used different age cut points (55, 60, 65, and 70 years) to define premature parental CVD. In multivariable-adjusted models, offspring of parents with premature CVD (onset before age 65 years) displayed greater odds for prevalent coronary artery calcification (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; 95% CI, 1.35-2.43), higher carotid intima media thickness (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.92-2.44) and lower ankle-brachial index (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.00-3.58). These associations were generally consistent across different age cut points used to define premature parental CVD. The association with the progression of coronary artery calcification was less consistent. Conclusions Parental premature CVD is associated with increased subclinical CVD burden in the offspring, with consistent relations across different vascular beds and for different age cut points used to define premature parental CVD. Future studies should evaluate whether screening for subclinical CVD traits is warranted in offspring with premature parental CVD.Background Tobacco cigarettes (TCs) increase oxidative stress and inflammation, both instigators of atherosclerotic cardiac disease. It is unknown if electronic cigarettes (ECs) also increase immune cell oxidative stress. We hypothesized an ordered, "dose-response" relationship, with tobacco-product type as "dose" (lowest in nonsmokers, intermediate in EC vapers, and highest in TC smokers), and the "response" being cellular oxidative stress (COS) in immune cell subtypes, in otherwise, healthy young people. Methods and Results Using flow cytometry and fluorescent probes, COS was determined in immune cell subtypes in 33 otherwise healthy young people nonsmokers (n=12), EC vapers (n=12), and TC smokers (n=9). Study groups had similar baseline characteristics, including age, sex, race, and education level. A dose-response increase in proinflammatory monocytes and lymphocytes, and their COS content among the 3 study groups was found lowest in nonsmokers, intermediate in EC vapers, and highest in TC smokers. These findings were most striking in CD14dimCD16+ and CD14++CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes and were reproduced with 2 independent fluorescent probes of COS. check details Conclusions These findings portend the development of premature cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy young people who chronically vape ECs. On the other hand, that the COS is lower in EC vapers compared with TC smokers warrants additional investigation to determine if switching to ECs may form part of a harm-reduction strategy. Registration URL https//www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier NCT03823885.Sprint performance over short distances is a central component in young tennis players' development. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal development of sprint performance in young female tennis players, and to investigate differences between performance levels. Also potentially explanatory variables were investigated. Female tennis players aged 10-15 (N = 167) participated in a, mixed-longitudinal study (n = 48 elite; n = 119 sub-elite). Players were measured annually on the 5 m sprint as well as for possible explaining variables for 5 m sprint performance development (age, height, body mass, maturity status, lower limb explosive strength). Multilevel analysis was used to obtain a developmental model. Moreover, it was possible to predict sprint performance (5 m) based on chronological age, body size given by height, and lower limb strength performance (p . 05). Sprint performance is an important characteristic of young female tennis players and seemed to depend on growth and maturation in parallel to physical fitness.Available literature shows sex-related differences in both anatomy and functions of the auditory cortex. However, only few data are available on passive listening. By means of event-related potentials (ERPs), we analyzed the proactive and reactive stages of processing related to passive listening in 36 healthy young participants, equally balanced between genders. The anterior positivity (aP), a newly discovered pre-stimulus component originating in auditory cortices and indexing auditory readiness, was not different between genders; the post-stimulus components (the N1 and the N2, originating in primary and secondary auditory cortices) were larger in females than males. These results not only provide significant insights on sex-related differences during listening, but also encourage the potential use of passive tasks, which allow for better understanding of basic neural processing, without interferences from cognitive requirements of active tasks.