Millions of CT scans are performed annually and could be also used to opportunistically assess musculoskeletal health; however, it is unknown how well this secondary assessment relates to osteoporotic fracture. This study demonstrates that opportunistic CT screening is a promising tool to predict individuals with previous osteoporotic fracture. Opportunistic computed tomography (oCT) screening for osteoporosis and fracture risk determination complements current dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) diagnosis. This study determined major osteoporotic fracture prediction by oCT at the spine and hip from abdominal CT scans. Initial 1158 clinical abdominal CT scans were identified from administrative databases and were the basis to generate a cohort of 490 men and women with suitable abdominal CT scans. Participant CT scans met the following criteria over 50 years of age, the scan had no image artifacts, and the field-of-view included the L4 vertebra and proximal femur. find more A total of 123 participants were identified as CT scans is effective at predicting individuals with previous fracture at major osteoporotic sites and offers a promising screening tool for skeletal health assessment. The hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamp technique has been developed and applied to assess effects of and responses to hypoglycaemia under standardised conditions. However, the degree to which the methodology of clamp studies is standardised is unclear. This systematic review examines how hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps have been performed and elucidates potential important differences. A literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted. Articles in English published between 1980 and 2018, involving adults with or without diabetes, were included. A total of 383 articles were included. There was considerable variation in essential methodology of the hypoglycaemic clamp procedures, including the insulin dose used (49-fold difference between the lowest and the highest rate), the number of hypoglycaemic steps (range 1-6), the hypoglycaemic nadirs (range 2.0-4.3mmol/l) and the duration (ranging from 5 to 660min). Twenty-seven per cent of the articles reported whole blood glucose levels, most venous levels. In 70.8% of the studies, a dorsal hand vein was used for blood sampling, with some form of hand warming to arterialise venous blood in 78.8% of these. Key information was missing in 61.9% of the articles. Although the hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp procedure is considered the gold standard to study experimental hypoglycaemia, a uniform standard with key elements on how to perform these experiments is lacking. Methodological differences should be considered when comparing results between hypoglycaemic clamp studies. This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019120083).This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019120083).We explored how consumers value the ecological and socio-cultural benefits of diversified food production systems in Finland. We used a stated preference method and contingent valuation to quantify consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for the benefits of increased farm and regional scale diversity of cultivation practices and crop rotations. Three valuation scenarios were presented to a representative sample of consumers the first one focused on agroecosystem services on cropland, the second on wider socio-cultural effects and the third was a combination of them. The results suggest that consumers are willing to pay on the average €228 per household annually for the suggested diversification. This is equal to €245 per hectare of cultivated cropland. The results also indicate that 21% of consumers were not willing to pay anything to support more diverse cropping systems. The relatively high WTP for both agroecological and socio-cultural benefits provide important messages for actors in the food chain and for policy makers on future targeting of economic resources within agri-environmental schemes.Climate change (CC) effects on agriculture development and households' vulnerability are widely recognized. Being aware of the induced effects of climatic risks, farmers have adopted adaptation strategies to build resilience. Analyzes the determinants of choice of adaptation strategies using binary models can lead to an estimation bias, since the number of adopted strategies may be correlated. This paper analyzes farm households' perception of CC, the determinants of choice of the number of adopted practices, and correlation between the most used climate-smart strategies in subsistence agriculture. Zero-inflated Poisson regression and multivariate analysis are employed using data collected from 704 farm households in Northern Togo. Households' minimum consumption needs, gender, land, access to credit and extension services are the main determinants of the choice of the number of adopted strategies. The use of resistance and high yielding varieties, crops and livestock integration, soil and water conservation practice, the use of organic fertilizer, and adjustment of sowing time are the most adopted farming practices. A strong complementarity between the adopted practices for agriculture development was found. Factors that influence households' choice of adaptation strategies include gender, household location, education level, family size, and allocated labor. Institutional factors including market access, access to credit, and extension services are also key determinants in promoting the use of climate-smart practices that are environmentally friendly.Numerous vascular, inflammatory, degenerative and tumorous lesions of the spinal canal can cause paraplegic symptoms. In addition to the neurological examination and the leading symptoms, the first topographical classification of the (suspected) disease is essential for further diagnostics. Hence, high-resolution magnet resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for the majority of questions. To avoid diagnostic and therapeutic mistakes, differentiation of intraspinal tumors from tumor-like (nonneoplastic) lesions is indispensable, which is often only possible after follow-up imaging or surgical exploration.