Lastly, we tackle a special type of stem cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) and how they can be responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence and explore ways to target them.Avian embryos and related cell lines have found wide applications in basic and applied sciences. The embryonated egg is a great host for monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins. Avian celllines derived from embryonated eggs have been used for the product ion of transgenic birds and virusinoculationin order tovaccine preparation. Hitherto, many efforts have been invested to develop efficient avian stem cell culture. Under the conventional conditions, there are various challenges such as the type of feeder layers, conditioned medium,serum, and growth factors. Researchers have investigated different conditions to solve these problems. Recent studies have shown that targetedstrategiesusingsmallmoleculeinhibitorscouldbeusedasalternativestomulti-growth factor delivery approaches. Since small molecule inhibitors were used for mammalian pluripotent stem cells (PSC), several kinds of research have examined the effect of small molecule on self-renew a land maintenance of avian PSC. Avian PSC can be derived from early blastodermal cells (stage X), circular primoridial germ cells (PGC; stage HH17), gonadal PGC (stage HH28), and embryonic germ cells (EGC; HH28).Previous studies have shown that the use of small molecule drugs such as PD0325901,SB431542,SC1,IDE1,Z-VAD, Blebbistatin,H-1152,and IDE1 could bean efficient method for the derivation of avian stem cells. This mini-review covers there cent development of avian stem cell culture by small molecules. A retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a relatively common retinal vascular disorder especially in the elder-ly. Many experiments have been performed on patients with a RVO but performing any type of experiments and especially longitudinal experiments on humans is difficult if not impossible on ethical grounds. Therefore, we have created a retinal vein occlusion (RVO) model by laser irradiation of cynomolgus monkeysafter an intravenous injection of rose bengal. Weevaluated the pathological changes of the retina, and the effects of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, on the characteristics of the RVO. The integrity of the vascular system was evaluated by fluorescein angiography (FA), and the retinal thickness and volume were determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The cytokines and growth factors in the aqueous humor were identified by multiplex profiling. Our results showed that ranibizumab decreased the degree of vascular leakage and retinal edema at 1-3 days (b leads to a reduction in the vascular leakage and the retinal thickness and volume by blockingthe expression of VEGF. Our model might be useful for investigating the pathological mechanisms of RVOs and explore new therapeutic agents for RVO.We have created a non-human primate RVO model, which resembles the clinical RVO pathology. In this model, an injection of ranibizumab leads to a reduction in the vascular leakage and the retinal thickness and volume by blockingthe expression of VEGF. Our model might be useful for investigating the pathological mechanisms of RVOs and explore new therapeutic agents for RVO. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of pediatric and adult mortality and morbidity. find more Unfortunately, to date, no effective treatment has been identified. In the striatum, neuronal injury is analogous to the cellular mechanism of necrosis observed during NMethyl- D-Aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity. Adenosine acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system, the role of which relies mostly on controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses. To examine the effect of pretreatment of SCH58261, an adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor antagonist and modulator of NMDA receptor function, following hypoxic-ischemia (HI) on sodium- potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity and oxidative stress. Piglets (4-7 days old) were subjected to 30 min hypoxia and 7 min of airway occlusion producing asphyxic cardiac arrest. Groups were divided into four categories HI samples were divided into HI-vehicle group (n = 5) and HI-A2A group (n = 5). Sham controls were divided into Sham vehicle (n = 5) and Sham A2A (n = 5) groups. Vehicle groups were pretreated with 0.9% saline, whereas A2A animals were pretreated with SCH58261 10 min prior to intervention. Striatum samples were collected 3 h post-arrest. Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) + 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were compared. Pretreatment with SCH58261 significantly attenuated the decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase, decreased MDA+4-HDA levels and increased GSH in the HI-A2A group when compared to HIvehicle. A2A receptor activation may contribute to neuronal injury in newborn striatum after HI in association with decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity and increased oxidative stress.A2A receptor activation may contribute to neuronal injury in newborn striatum after HI in association with decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity and increased oxidative stress.Present review describes the methodological aspects and prospects of production of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiometals in a liquid target using low-medium energy medical cyclotrons. The main objective of this review is to delineate and discuss the critical factors involved in the liquid target production of radiometals including type of salt solution, solution composition, beam energy, beam current, effect of irradiation duration (length of irradiation) and challenges posed by in-target chemistry in relation with irradiation parameters. We also summarize the optimal parameters for production of various radiometals in liquid targets. Additionally, we discuss the future prospects of PET radiometals production in the liquid targets for academic research and clinical applications. Significant emphasis has been given to the production of 68Ga using liquid targets due to the growing demand for 68Ga labeled PSMA vectors, [68Ga] Ga-DOTATATE, [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and some upcoming 68Ga labeled radiopharmaceuticals.