Background Invasive plant species present a serious threat to environment and, human and animal health. An interaction may exist between the climatic changes and invasive plant species. In this two-year study, we investigated effects of warming, CO2 and nitrogen application on biomass, growth and leaf tissue nitrogen concentration of three invasive weed species. Treatments were i) simulated (elevated) CO2 (~800-900 ppm); ii) warming or high temperature (day/night 25/15°C); iii) simulated (elevated) CO2 combined with high temperature (CO2 = ~800-900 ppm; temperature day/night 25/15°C); and iv) control conditions (CO2 = ~400-450 ppm; temperature day/night 20/10°C). The doses of nitrogen were i) 0 kg ha-1 (control; low); ii) 60 kg ha-1 (medium), and iii) 120 kg ha-1 (high). Results Elevated CO2 , and elevated CO2 combined with high temperature improved biomass and growth of tested invasive weed species i.e., Lactuca serriola L., Hordeum murinum L. and Bromus tectorum L. Nitrogen application had little effect on grasses while the broadleaved weed mostly had a positive response to nitrogen application. read more Invasive weed species in the study were generally negatively or neutrally affected by warming. Conclusions This research work concludes that nitrogen fertilization under different climatic conditions had improved few while elevated CO2 had promoted most of the growth parameters of invasive weeds. Overall, is it concluded that these weeds will be more invasive under climate change conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Magnesium was reported to be necessary for bone formation. Previous study indicated nanofiltrated deep ocean water (DOW) rich in magnesium. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of DOW in ameliorating osteoporosis. Briefly, female Sprague-Dawley rat was ovariectomized and fed with 0.35, 0.7, or 1.4 ml/kg of DOW daily for 8 weeks. In the results, DOW increased bone density, decreased trabecular bone loss, and decreased bone adiposity. DOW improved bone mass by examining structure in micro-computed tomography. About 0.35 and 0.7 ml/kg of DOW can increase protein expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), an essential transcription factor for regulating osteoblast differentiation, by 9.4% or 12.9%. In human osteoblast, DOW increased the levels of osteocalcin, RUNX2, and alkaline phosphatase; all the proteins can regulate osteoblast differentiation. Considering the results of in vivo and in vitro study, DOW can ameliorate ovareictomy-caused osteoporosis via regulating the osteoblast differentiation, thereby, maintenance of bone structure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In addition to calcium, magnesium is essential to promoting the deposition of calcium in bones and regulating its transport; it may also slow the progression of osteoporosis. Nanofiltrated DOW contains abundant magnesium along with several microelements and peptides. In this study, a product was developed for decelerating osteoporosis by using an estrogen depletion model. DOW regulates osteoblast differentiation and thus prevents osteoporosis. This finding provides an alternative healthy source of bone supplements. In addition to tablets or capsules, aqueous supplements can be produced to achieve osteoporosis prevention. This finding is beneficial to the health-care industry for developing sustainable supplements.Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of caffeine as a model active ingredient on the quality attributes of a bioadhesive emulgel formulation previously optimized by Quality by Design (QbD) tools. Emulgels are emerging topical drug delivery systems for cosmetic or pharmaceutical uses, which combine the advantages of both emulsions and gels. Methods In this work, the observed and predicted values for spreadability, phase separation by centrifugation and detachment forces performed by texturometer, were compared with those of the control and active-containing emulgel formulations. In addition, rheological properties, release of caffeine and comparative in vitro/ex vivo bioadhesion properties were evaluated using human skin. Results The flow curves of emulgel formulations showed the typical pseudoplastic and no thixotropic flow with yield stress. The incorporation of active ingredient did not produce significant changes. All emulgels were uniformly spread and no significant differences in spreadability values between control and caffeine containing formulations and neither respect to those predicted values from experimental design optimization were found. Emulgel formulations showed appropriate detachment forces values and no significant differences between caffeine loading and control emulgel formulations were observed. Conclusion Caffeine was successfully vehiculized in this optimized bioadhesive emulgel formulation, which showed high robustness regarding the process variability. There were no significant changes in the critical quality attributes after the incorporation of the active ingredient and a promising stability was observed for at least one year. Results suggested that the optimized emulgel is an interesting topical biodhesive delivery system for cosmetic applications, including agents for skin conditioning, not present in gels formulations.Organoboron compounds are essential reagents in modern C-C coupling reactions. Their synthesis via catalytic C-H borylation by main group elements is emerging as a powerful tool alternative to transition metal based catalysis. Herein we report a straightforward metal-free synthesis of aryldifluoroboranes from BF3 and heteroarenes. The reaction is assisted by sterically hindered amines and catalytic amounts of thioureas. According to computational studies the reaction proceeds via frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism. The obtained aryldifluoroboranes are further stabilized against destructive protodeborylation by converting them to the corresponding air stabile tetramethylammonium organotrifluoroborates.The cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides to generate cyclic carbonates is one of the most promising and efficient approaches for CO2 fixation. Typical imidazolium-based ionic liquids possessing the electrophilic cations and nucleophilic halogen anions, have been identified as excellent and environment-friendly candidates for synergistically activating epoxides to convert CO2 . Therefore, the feasible construction of a series of imidazolium-functionalized organic cationic polymers can bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, thereby obtaining highly selective CO2 adsorption and simultaneous conversion ability. This review describes the recent advancements with regard to the design and synthesis of this type of polymeric networks having imidazolium functionality that considered as an eminent heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Based on the perspective from the design of building blocks to the synthesis of cationic polymers, we mainly focus on both how to introduce imidazole units into the material backbone via the covalently-linked approach and how to incorporate other active sites that may being capable of activating CO2 and/or epoxides into such polymeric materials.