Phragmoplasts, which comprise microtubules, actin filaments, and membrane vesicles, are responsible for cell plate formation and expansion during plant cytokinesis. Our previous research using the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin B (LatB) to investigate the role of actin filaments suggested the existence of two types of microtubules 1) initial microtubules sensitive to LatB but unassociated with NACK1 kinesin and 2) later LatB-insensitive, NACK1-associated microtubules. The organization of initial phragmoplast microtubules might have been disrupted by the LatB treatment; this hypothesis remained unverified, however, as the exact timing of cell plate membrane accumulation could not be determined. In the present study, we further investigated the timing of cell plate formation during LatB treatment. We monitored chromosome separation during anaphase as well as accumulation of FM4-64-stained cell plate membranes in dividing transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells expressing RFP-tagged histone H2B. We observed that LatB treatment prolonged the time between the slowdown of daughter chromosome migration and the accumulation of cell plate membranes. This result suggests that disruption of actin filaments resulted in delayed cell plate formation possibly by perturbation of initial phragmoplast microtubules or cell plate assembly.The purpose of this study was to use regularised regression models to identify the most important biomechanical predictors of throwing distance in elite male (M) and female (F) javelin throwers at the 2017 IAAF world championships. Biomechanical data from 13 male and 12 female javelin throwers who competed at the 2017 IAAF world championships were obtained from an official scientific IAAF report. Regularised regression models were used to investigate the associations between throwing distance and release parameters, whole-body kinematic and joint-level kinematic data. The regularised regression models identified two biomechanical predictors of throwing distances in both M and F javelin throwers release velocity and knee flexion angle of the support leg at the moment of javelin release. In addition, the length of the delivery stride was an important predictor of throwing distance in M throwers, whereas the javelin's attitude angle and the distance between the whole-body centre of mass and the centre of mass of the back foot at the beginning of the delivery phase were important predictors of throwing distance in F throwers.P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) modulate the distribution of drugs and toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Animal studies reported that infection-induced disruption of these transporters in the developing BBB impairs fetal brain protection. However, the impact of infection mimics on P-gp/BCRP function in human brain endothelium is less well understood. We hypothesized that Toll-like receptor ligands mimicking bacterial and viral infection would modify the expression and function of P-gp and BCRP in human brain endothelial cells (BECs). Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were challenged with bacterial [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and viral-mimics [polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (PolyIC) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)], or pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon gamma (IFN)-ɣ. P-gp and BCRP function was assessed after 4 or 24 h, using Calcein-AM and Chlorin-6 assays, respectively. Western blot and qPCR quantified P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 expression following treatments. Infection mimics are potent modulators of drug transporters in human BECs in vitro. LPS and PolyIC increased, while ssRNA exposure reduced P-gp activity. In contrast, LPS and PolyIC decreased, while ssRNA increased BCRP activity (P less then .05). There was little correlation between drug transporter function, gene expression and total protein level. Altered plasma membrane BCRP may suggest modified intracellular trafficking induced by infection in human BECs. Bacterial and viral infection mimics modify P-gp and BCRP transport function in human BECs, in vitro. This knowledge may contribute and have important implications for human brain protection and possible altered biodistribution of drugs and xenobiotics in the brain following exposure to TLR agonists.Populus euphratica Oliv. is a tree that is strongly resistant to drought and salt stress, which is primarily distributed in arid and semiarid lands. The leaves of the species exhibit a special feature that causes them to be designated as heterophylly. In this brief review, we primarily discuss the heteromorphic leaf development and anatomical features, such as the differentiation of spongy and palisade tissues, in heteromorphic leaves of the species. Furthermore, we also discuss the different physiological characteristics in heteromorphic leaves related to the ecological adaptation of P. euphratica to drought environments. These traits in P. euphratica may help researchers evaluate its ecological value in arid areas and evaluate its scientific merit in understanding the mechanism of development of heteromorphic leaves in plants.Pathological changes involving TDP-43 protein ('TDP-43 proteinopathy') are typical for several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTLD-TDP cases are characterized by increased binding of TDP-43 to an abundant lncRNA, NEAT1, in the cortex. Vitamin A acid chemical structure However it is unclear whether enhanced TDP-43-NEAT1 interaction represents a protective mechanism. We show that accumulation of human TDP-43 leads to upregulation of the constitutive NEAT1 isoform, NEAT1_1, in cultured cells and in the brains of transgenic mice. Further, we demonstrate that overexpression of NEAT1_1 ameliorates TDP-43 toxicity in Drosophila and yeast models of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Thus, NEAT1_1 upregulation may be protective in TDP-43 proteinopathies affecting the brain. Approaches to boost NEAT1_1 expression in the CNS may prove useful in the treatment of these conditions.Roughly half of all postmenopausal women are affected by the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Symptoms of GSM, including vaginal irritation and dyspareunia, occur as reduced estrogen (E) production elicits loss of elasticity and other changes in genital tract tissue. While the use of the injectable contraceptive depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) likewise lowers serum E concentrations in reproductive age women and is associated with decreased genital levels of the cell-cell adhesion molecules desmoglein-1 (DSG1) and desmocollin-1 (DSC1) and impaired genital epithelial barrier function, the relevance of these findings to women in menopause is uncertain. Exploring the impact of menopause on genital epithelial integrity herein, we detected significantly lower levels of DSG1 and DSC1 in ectocervical tissue from menopausal and postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. Using ovariectomized (OVX) mice as a menopause model, we comparably saw significantly lower vaginal tissue levels of DSG1 and DSC1 in OVX mice vs.