This work investigated and compared the dynamic cavitation characteristics between low and high boiling-point phase-shift nanodroplets (NDs) under physiologically relevant flow conditions during focused ultrasound (FUS) exposures at different peak rarefactional pressures. A passive cavitation detection (PCD) system was used to monitor cavitation activity during FUS exposure at various acoustic pressure levels. Root mean square (RMS) amplitudes of broadband noise, spectrograms of the passive cavitation detection signals, and normalized inertial cavitation dose (ICD) values were calculated. Cavitation activity of low-boiling-point perfluoropentane (PFP) NDs and high boiling-point perfluorohexane (PFH) NDs flowing at in vitro mean velocities of 0-15 cm/s were compared in a 4-mm diameter wall-less vessel in a transparent tissue-mimicking phantom. In the static state, both types of phase-shift NDs exhibit a sharp rise in cavitation intensity during initial FUS exposure. Under flow conditions, cavitation activity oerstanding of cavitation characteristics of phase-shift NDs under physiologically relevant flow conditions during FUS exposure. In addition, the results provide a reference for selecting suitable phase-shift NDs to enhance the efficiency of cavitation-mediated ultrasonic applications. The use of a 20-kHz probe-type sonicator irradiating downward in a 500 mL vessel was optimized for the enhancement of the sonochemical activity in terms of the geometric and operational factors. These factors included the probe immersion depth (the vertical position of the probe), input power, height of the liquid from the bottom, horizontal position of the probe, and thickness of bottom plate The sonochemical oxidation reactions were investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively using calorimetry, KI dosimetry, and luminol (Sonochemiluminescence, SCL) techniques. The sonochemical activity was very positively affected by the vertical boundaries. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/yk-4-279.html The highest sonochemical activity was obtained when the probe was placed close to the bottom of the vessel (immersion depth of 60 mm), with a high input power (input power of 75%), and optimal liquid height condition (liquid height of 70 mm). The SCL image analysis showed that the cavitational activity zone gradually expanded around the probe body and changed into a circular shape as the experimental conditions were optimized, and consequently the sonochemical activity increased. The formation of a large bright circular-shaped activity zone could be attributed to the strong reflections of the ultrasound firstly, at the vessel bottom and secondly, at the liquid surface. On the other hand, the cavitational activity zone and the sonochemical activity were negatively affected by the horizontal boundaries when the probe was placed close to the side wall of the vessel. In addition, it was found that the sonochemical activity was also significantly affected by the thickness of the support plate owing to the reflection and transmission of the ultrasound at the boundary between the liquid and the solid media. BACKGROUND β-Elemene is a natural agent extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Curcuma wenyujin that is a promising novel plant-derived drug with broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Our previous study identified an enhanced capacity for metastasis in multidrug resistant (MDR) gastric cancer and breast cancer cells. However, the anti-metastatic effects of β-Elemene on MDR cancer cells remain unknown. PURPOSE In this study, we posit the hypothesis that β-elemene possesses antimetastatic effects on MDR cancer cells. METHODS Cell viability assay was used to assess the resistance of SGC7901/ADR cells and the cytotoxic effects of β-Elemene. Wound healing, transwell assay and lung metastatic mice model were used to the anti-metastasis effects of β-Elemene. MicroRNA microarray analysis was used to explore potential regulated miRNAs. Luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the direct target. Human MMP antibody array, western blot, immunoprecipitation, qRT-PCR analyses and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate the underlying anti-metastasis mechanism of β-Elemene. RESULTS In this study, we found that β-Elemene significantly inhibited the metastatic capacity of MDR gastric cells in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that β-Elemene regulated MMP-2/9 expression and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Further studies showed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b expression, resulting in inhibition of the EGFR-ERK/AKT pathways, which regulate MMP-2/9. Additionally, we confirmed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b by inhibiting miR-1323 expression. Finally, we found that numbers of metastatic tumor nodules were significantly decreased in the lungs of nude mice after β-Elemene treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of MDR gastric cancer cells by modulating the miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR signaling axis. INTRODUCTION Scurvy is a rare condition in pediatric patients, resulted from a vitamin C deficiency. Musculoskeletal symptoms occur in 80% of patient. The rarity and the polymorphisms of the clinical signs and symptoms often make scurvy an unknown or forgotten diagnosis. METHODS A 3-years-old boy with limping gait, progressive pain and swelling on his left lower limb since 3 months prior was diagnosed as osteomyelitis based on MRI. When there was no improvement after 2 weeks of IV antibiotic administration, we did surgical debridement procedure. Intraoperative, we found extensive blood clot inside and in the entire periosteum instead of infection. One week after surgery, there was still no improvement clinically and radiographically. Histopathology result suggested a fibro-osseous tumor. After reviewing clinical sign including skin presentation and plain radiology, we suspected scurvy disease in this patient and started a vitamin C therapy course immediately. RESULTS Two weeks after we started vitamin C treatment, the patient's condition was significantly improved clinically and radiographically. Serial radiograph was taken after 2 and 12 months of surgery, and it showed significant improvement on the site where the previous pathological process appeared. DISCUSSIONS Because of the extremely rare occurrence of scurvy in modern society at present, it is difficult to differentiate it from other diseases such as infection. The diagnosis of scurvy is made by careful studies from history taking, physical examination, laboratory and especially radiological finding that show pathognomonic appearance. Examination of vitamin C level serum is a gold standard, but unfortunately not available in our country. Improvement after vitamin C administration also established that condition. CONCLUSION Scurvy should have established by clinical and radiological findings that show pathognomonic signs around joint, even without supported by vitamin C serum.