In the hippocampus, atorvastatin increased glucose metabolism and modulated astrocytes morphology. In females, atorvastatin did not modulate visuospatial memory despite the increased expression of cortical BDNF and the decrease in the number of hippocampal astrocytes. Birinapant order Atorvastatin also induced a decrease in the expression of cortical oestrogen receptors but did not modify body weight nor serum cholesterol levels in both sexes. Atorvastatin modulated the sex-specific cognitive impairment induced by the CMH with a pathophysiological impact mainly within the cortical area. It could represent a promising candidate for future sex-stratified clinical trials in patients with CMH.Atorvastatin modulated the sex-specific cognitive impairment induced by the CMH with a pathophysiological impact mainly within the cortical area. It could represent a promising candidate for future sex-stratified clinical trials in patients with CMH. Lactic acid fermentation is a natural way to increase the bioactive and functional properties of fruit and vegetable juices. In this study, the in vitro gastrointestional digestion of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity of mixed vegetable juice was investigated as affected by fermentation with probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and non-thermal treatments (ultraviolet (UV) and/or ultrasonic (US) treatment). For this purpose heat, US, UV or US/UV treated vegetable juice samples were fermented by probiotic L. plantarum and percentage recovery of bioactive (total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total anthocyanin contents (TAC) and antioxidant (DPPH [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl] and CUPRAC [CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity]) properties was evaluated during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) and total yeast-mold (TYM) counts were significantly decreased by thermal and non-thermal processes and coliforms were fully eliminated. Trobiotic fermentation with L. plantarum contributed to the improvement of the bioactive profile. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. Fenugreek seeds host various bioactive compounds, and galactomannan (GM) is a significant soluble fibre. In this study, selective extraction is adapted to extract fenugreek seed GM to improvise the yield recovery. The seeds are fractionated, separated and classified as husk and cotyledons. Comparative studies have been performed to evaluate the crude and pure GM yield between different groups such as the whole seed, and the classified fractions. Characterization is done using Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, monosaccharide composition and optical density, and the structure is elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance. The GM obtained through extraction is used to study its enzyme inhibitory property associated with hyperglycaemia. GM yield extracted from the husk is highly significant compared to other groups. Crude GM and pure GM yield was 2 and 3.25 times higher than that obtained through whole seed samples. The characterization of the pure GM is on a par with the existing reports. The purified GM inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro, with an IC50 of 21.08 ± 0.085 and 67.17 ± 5.15 μg mL , respectively. Selective extraction prompts enhancement in the recovery of the bioactive compound, minimal use of resources, and promotes industrial viability. Characterization of the compound confirms the structure. Its enzyme inhibitory property makes GM a valuable compound in diabetic prevention/treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.Selective extraction prompts enhancement in the recovery of the bioactive compound, minimal use of resources, and promotes industrial viability. Characterization of the compound confirms the structure. Its enzyme inhibitory property makes GM a valuable compound in diabetic prevention/treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. Astrocytes react to microenvironmental changes. Their reactivity is manifested by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100b protein levels, hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The aim of the study was to analyse immunoreactive GFAP (GFAP-IR) and S100b (S100b-IR) astrocytes of hippocampal CA1 area in adult rats intragastrically (i.g.) treated with habanero peppers. Brains from 10 control rats (group C) and 10 rats receiving oil suspension of habanero fruits for 7 days (group I-7) or 28 days (group II-28) were used. Antibodies against GFAP and S100b were used for immunohistochemistry. Morphology and distribution of astrocytes was evaluated under light microscope and their density was quantitatively analysed. In the CA1 hippocampal area of group II-28 rats, GFAP-IR cells with numerous, branched processes were observed. S100b-IR astrocytes had delicate, single processes in comparison with cells without processes observed in groups I-7 and C. In groups I-7 and II-28, GFAP-IR astrocytes' density significantly increased in SR - stratum radiatum of hippocampal CA1 area. In group I-7, a density of cells with the expression of S100b was significantly increased in SO - stratum oriens layer. In group II-28, the density of S100b-IR astrocytes was decreased. Habanero peppers administrated to rats, especially for a longer time, caused reactive changes in the astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area, and thus these glial cells may protect neurons against excitotoxic damage.Habanero peppers administrated to rats, especially for a longer time, caused reactive changes in the astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area, and thus these glial cells may protect neurons against excitotoxic damage.The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) outside of sports is a far greater societal problem than the abuse in sports. Therefore, there is an increasing need for a suitable clinical method for analysis of AAS in urine samples, but only three clinical laboratories in Sweden currently perform analyses of AAS outside of sports. There is a need for harmonization regarding which substances to be analyzed, which analytes to measure and which concentration thresholds (»cut-offs«) to us. Based on data from the three analyzing clinical laboratories, and data from the Swedish Customs Service and National Forensic Centre, a list of suggested substances, analytes and thresholds is presented. The proposed list allows detection of at least 95% of the positive samples outside of sports.