Peak and delta cortisol were lower in the hypo compared to the non-hypo group. Norepinephrine was higher in the hypo group especially in the time frame 60-120 and 120-180min after start of the meal. No increase in epinephrine and a lower cortisol response to hypoglycemia were observed compared to normoglycemia during a meal test in patients after RYGB. Norepinephrine levels were higher in the hypo group. These findings may suggest that possible recurrent hypoglycemia after RYGB results in blunting of counterregulatory responses indicative of hypoglycemia-induced autonomic failure. ISRCTN 11738149.ISRCTN 11738149. The adverse implications of obesity extend beyond physical health to include negative impact on quality of life (QoL), mood, and eating habits. While bariatric surgery provides successful weight loss and metabolic benefits, studies describe conflicting results on QoL and mood-related outcomes. Patients (n = 140) with class II/III obesity and T2DM were recruited from 2015 to 2019, and stratified based on medical or surgical treatment. Questionnaires including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Euro QoL visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS), and Revised 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) were recorded at baseline, 6months, and 12months after treatment. At baseline, the surgical group (n = 55) and medical group (n = 85) had no significant difference in questionnaire outcomes. At 6 and 12months, EQ-VAS was higher in the surgical group (12months surgical 82.00 ± 12.64, medical 72.81 ± 16.56, p = 0.001), with greater improvement from baseline. HADS-D scores at 12months were lower in the suris is the first prospective study assessing the impact of bariatric surgery on health-related QoL in Asia compared against a control group who received medical therapy.Social media are being increasingly used to inform visitor use management in parks and protected areas. INDYinhibitor We review the state of the scientific literature to understand the ways social media has been, and can be, used to measure visitation, spatial patterns of use, and visitors' experiences in parks and protected areas. Geotagged social media are a good proxy for actual visitation; however, the correlations observed by previous studies between social media and other sources of visitation data vary substantially. Most studies using social media to measure visitation aggregate data across many years, with very few testing the use of social media as a visitation proxy at smaller temporal scales. No studies have tested the use of social media to estimate visitation in near real-time. Studies have used geotags and GPS tracks to understand spatial patterns of where visitors travel within parks, and how that may relate to other variables (e.g., infrastructure), or differ by visitor type. Researchers have also found the text content, photograph content, and geotags from social media posts useful to understand aspects of visitors' experiences, such as behaviors, preferences, and sentiment. The most cited concern with using social media is that this data may not be representative of all park users. Collectively, this body of research demonstrates a broad range of applications for social media. We synthesize our findings by identifying gaps and opportunities for future research and presenting a set of best practices for using social media in parks and protected areas.Phosphate solubilising fungi (PSF) play an important role in increasing phosphorus (P) bioavailability and the fertility of soil. However, the mechanism by which PSF solubilise insoluble P using carboxylic acid is not fully understood. In this study, Penicillium oxalicum PSF-4 was isolated and shown to have satisfactory solubilisation performance towards tricalcium phosphate (TP) and iron phosphate (IP). In treatments with TP or IP, the soluble P (Psol) concentrations were positively correlated with the carboxyl groups in organic acids but negatively correlated with the pKsp of insoluble P sources and pH. Additionally, the compositions of the organic acids (considering the lowest pKa value for acids with several pKas) were remarkably different between the treatments oxalic (pKa = 1.27), malic (pKa = 3.46), and formic (pKa = 3.75) acids in TP treatments (maximum 381 mg/L); and lactic (pKa = 3.85), gluconic (pKa = 3.86), and citric (pKa = 3.12) acids in IP treatments (maximum 1634 mg/L). The addition of H+ without P. oxalicum PSF-4 inoculation markedly improved Psol concentrations. The above results offer new insights that the pKsp of P sources, compositions of carboxylic acids, and pH regulation are the key factors influencing P solubilisation of different insoluble P sources.The CoViD-19 pandemic has caused a sudden spike in demand and production of hand sanitisers. Concerns are rising regarding the quality of such products, as the safeguard of consumers is a priority worldwide. We analyse here the ethanolic content of seven off-the-shelf hand sanitiser gels (two biocides and five cosmetics) from the Italian market, using gas chromatography. The WHO recommends that products containing ethanol should have 60-95% (v/v) alcohol. Four of the tested hand gels have ethanolic contents within the recommended range, while three products (all cosmetics) contain less then  60% (v/v), i.e. 52.1% (w/w), ethanol. The product with the lowest alcoholic content has 37.1% w/w ethanol. Toxic methanol is not found in any of the hand sanitisers. We show, in addition, that products with the highest ethanolic content have generally greater antibacterial activity. In conclusion, all tested products are complying with the EU regulations, as the three "substandard" products are classified as cosmetics, whose purpose is cleaning and not disinfecting. Nevertheless, if such hand cleaners were inappropriately used as hand disinfectants, they might be ineffective. Thus, consumer safety relays on awareness and ability to distinguish between biocidal and cosmetics hand gels. The obtained results might sensitise the scientific community, health agencies and ultimately consumers towards the risks of using hand sanitisers of substandard alcoholic concentration. If the wrong product is chosen by consumers, public health can be compromised by the inappropriate use of "low-dosed" cosmetic gels as disinfectants, particularly during the period of the CoViD-19 pandemic.