In this article I will introduce and outline the concept of resistance as it relates to health and healthcare. Starting with a number of examples of action, I will then turn to the broader literature to discuss some conventional definitions and related concepts, outlining debates, controversies and limitations related to conceptualizing resistance. I conceptualize resistance broadly, as any act, performed by any individual (or collective) acting as or explicitly identifying as a healthcare professional, that is a response to power, most often in opposition to contentious, harmful or unjust rules, practices, policies or structures. Practically this could account for any public action, marches, sit-ins and civil disobedience, but also forms of 'everyday resistance', such as working slowly, feigning sickness, or even providing care for marginalized groups that would otherwise not have access. Such action could go unrecognized by those in power and perhaps more contentiously, those resisting needn't even recognize their actions as resistance. I will then apply this conceptualization to explain action that has been undertaken by healthcare professionals, identifying its key features. I will briefly discuss future directions for inquiry that appear particularly pressing. These including ongoing conceptual development, identifying the functions of resistance in health and healthcare along with what makes it distinct from healthcare as usual and other forms of resistance and finally, the range of normative questions resistance raises.Highly mineralized rigid-shelled eggs characterize one lineage of gekkotans. In contrast, poorly mineralized flexible-shelled eggs characterize basal lineages of gekkotans and all other squamates. Low oxygen permeability of rigid-shelled eggs is associated with small eggs and hatchlings, and long incubation lengths compared to flexible-shelled gekkotan eggs. These features represent a demographic cost for species with rigid-shelled eggs. This cost is offset, at least in part, because mortality due to desiccation and predation is reduced for rigid-shelled eggs relative to flexible-shelled eggs. Developmental traits may also compensate for the low oxygen permeability of rigid-shelled eggs. Oviposition, for example, occurs at earlier developmental stages for gekkotans with rigid- versus flexible-shelled eggs. Such early oviposition facilitates development because eggs move from the relatively hypoxic oviduct to the much better oxygenated nest environment. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that the growth of the yolk sac (YS) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of gekkotans with rigid-shelled eggs is initiated and completed earlier than those of gekkotans with flexible-shelled eggs. I measured the surface area of eggs covered by the YS and CAM from oviposition to hatching and determined which of four nonlinear models provide the best fit for growth curves. I also compiled a data set on embryonic metabolism of gekkotans and other lizards in order to place growth of the YS and CAM in the context of energy utilization of lizard embryos overall. Growth of the YS and CAM of gekkotans with rigid-shelled eggs is accelerated relative to that of gekkotans with flexible-shelled eggs and may serve to separate the cost of YS and CAM development from that of the embryo itself. Adaptive variation in YS and CAM development may extend to birds, crocodilians, and turtles as they also exhibit life history variation that affects oxygen availability to embryos during development. One of the hallmarks of injured skeletal muscle is the appearance of elevated skeletal muscle proteins in circulation. Human skeletal muscle generally consists of a mosaic of slow (type I) and fast (type IIa, IIx/d) fibers, defined by their myosin isoform expression. Recently, measurement of circulating fiber-type specific isoforms of troponin I has been used as a biomarker to suggest that muscle injury in healthy volunteers (HV) results in the appearance of muscle proteins from fast but not slow fibers. We sought to understand if this is also the case in severe myopathy patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (BMD, DMD). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that selectively measures fast and slow skeletal troponin I (TNNI2 and TNNI1) was used to measure a cross-section of patient plasma samples from HV (N=50), BMD (N=49), and DMD (N=132) patients. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was also measured from the same samples for comparison. TNNI2 was elevated in BMD and DMD and correlated with the injury biomarker, CK. In contrast, TNNI1 levels were indistinguishable from levels in HV. There was an inverse relationship between CK and TNNI2 levels and age, but no relationship for TNNI1. We define a surprising discrepancy between TNNI1 and TNNI2 in patient plasma that may have implications for the interpretation of elevated muscle protein levels in dystrophinopathies.We define a surprising discrepancy between TNNI1 and TNNI2 in patient plasma that may have implications for the interpretation of elevated muscle protein levels in dystrophinopathies. To present a dataset of computational digital breast phantoms derived from high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) clinical breast images for the use in virtual clinical trials in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D x-ray breast imaging. Uncompressed computational breast phantoms for investigations in dedicated breast CT (BCT) were derived from 150 clinical 3D breast images acquired via a BCT scanner at UC Davis (California, USA). Each image voxel was classified in one out of the four main materials presented in the field of view fibroglandular tissue, adipose tissue, skin tissue, and air. BMS-502 supplier For the image classification, a semi-automatic software was developed. The semi-automatic classification was compared via manual glandular classification performed by two researchers. A total of 60 compressed computational phantoms for virtual clinical trials in digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) were obtained from the corresponding uncompressed phantoms via a software algorithm simulating the compression and the elastic deformation of the breast, using the tissue's elastic coefficient.