Chemotherapy is a life-saving treatment for cancer patients, but also causes long-term cognitive impairment, or "chemobrain", in survivors. However, several challenges, including imprecise diagnosis criteria, multiple confounding factors, and unclear and heterogeneous molecular mechanisms, impede effective investigation of preventions and treatments for chemobrain. Selleck ONO-7475 With the rapid increase in the number of cancer survivors, chemobrain is an urgent but unmet clinical need. Here, we leverage the extensive knowledge in various fields of neuroscience to gain insights into the mechanisms for chemobrain. We start by outlining why the post-mitotic adult brain is particularly vulnerable to chemotherapy. Next, through drawing comparisons with normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury, we identify universal cellular mechanisms that may underlie the cognitive deficits in chemobrain. We further identify existing neurological drugs targeting these cellular mechanisms that can be repurposed as treatments for chemobrain, some of which were already shown to be effective in animal models. Finally, we briefly describe future steps to further advance our understanding of chemobrain and facilitate the development of effective preventions and treatments. © 2020 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.BACKGROUND Melasma is a pigmentary disorder affecting mainly face . Various treatment modalities available as topicals, superficial chemical peels and lasers but none till date gives promising results, until date quest for the best treatment modality is on. AIM To study the effect of oral and topical Tranexamic acid (TXA) and modified Kligman's regimen in treatment of melasma. METHOD Patients having melasma were enrolled after consent for voluntary participation. A detailed history and clinical examination was done. Total 60 patients were enrolled and randomized in three groups, 20 received oral TXA 250 mg twice daily, 20 topical TXA and 20 received modified Kligman's regimen for 8 weeks along with sunscreen MASI(Melasma area severity index) was calculated at baseline, at end of 4 & 8 weeks. MASI score was compared with that at the end of the study. Based on reduction in mean MASI the therapeutic response was graded. Pre and post treatment photographs was also compared. Statistical analysis done by using student square T test , ANOVA And TUKEY test. RESULTS Reduction in MASI score was observed in all the groups but greater reduction in MASI score with modified Kligman's regimen by 30% followed with oral TXA by 25% reduction and least with topical TXA by 5%. CONCLUSION Although modified Kligman's regimen is comparatively more efficient but due to its side effects in long term usage oral tranexamic acid could be a promising therapeutic approach for melasma. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Huge bacteriophages display genome sizes that bridge the gap between viral and bacterial genomes. Large Pseudomonas phages elaborate a nucleus-like structure in the infected bacterial cell and a tubulin-like phage protein forms a kind of spindle apparatus. While this probably represents cases of convergent evolution, these observations revive the discussion on the origin of eukaryotic cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The model of Rembrandt's Bathsheba, a celebrated painting of the Louvre Museum in Paris, was his lover Hendrickje Stoffels. The picture has periodically caught the attention of the medical community because Hendrickje appears to have a condition affecting her left breast. Generally breast cancer has been proposed. The past diagnoses have been reviewed and has been proposed a new one - Mondor's disease - based on colour, a critique of past diagnoses, and the depth of the disease to be perceivable by the painters' eye. Finally, the article shows a convincing comparison between Bathsheba disease and a case of Mondor's thrombophebites recently observed. © 2020 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.Long-term use of corticosteroids or local use of tazarotene (TAZ) alone for the treatment of psoriasis cause safety issues and low compliance rates. Combining these two may optimize their efficacy and minimize safety concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of TAZ 0.05% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (BM) for psoriasis vulgaris. A multicenter, randomized, single-blinded, controlled phase 3 clinical trial was conducted. A total of 600 Chinese subjects with psoriasis vulgaris were randomized (311) to TAZ/BM cream, TAZ gel or BM cream groups for 6 weeks with an 8-week follow up. The primary efficacy assessment end-point was 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI-75) at 6 weeks. Secondary outcome assessments included PASI-90, percentage of PASI decrease and so forth. Safety and treatment-related adverse events were monitored throughout the study. Our results demonstrated that the TAZ/BM group exhibited statistically significant superiority in PASI-75 over TAZ (6.74% vs 1.67%) within 2 weeks. After 6 weeks of treatment, PASI-75 was 44.94% in the TAZ/BM group while 19.17% and 35.00% in the TAZ and BM group, respectively. At the 8-week follow up, the relapse rate of the TAZ/BM group was significantly lower than the BM group (10.62% vs 29.63%, P = 0.0269) though comparable with the TAZ group (10.00%). The most frequently reported treatment-related adverse event was mild to moderate level of skin irritation events. TAZ/BM combination has significant advantages over TAZ, including satisfying efficacy, rapid onset and reduced local stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with BM, it has the advantages of longer relief time and reduced clinical relapse rate. The TAZ/BM combination drug provides psoriatic patients an alternative drug with high efficacy and low relapse rate and safety concerns. © 2020 Japanese Dermatological Association.The global COVID-19 death toll stands at the time of writing at 163,500. By the time you read this, that number will have increased significantly, and it is likely that we won't have seen the end of it by that time. Policy makers in both the global north as well as the global south rose to the challenge, with decidedly mixed responses as well as decidedly mixed results, as comparisons between reported case loads of, say the UK and Germany or between Brazil and the PR of China, show. Discipline specific responses translated into many global collaborative efforts aimed at developing treatments, modelling of the impact of varying policy options on the continuing pandemic, preventive vaccine trials, and so on and so forth. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.