An improved understanding of C dynamics and the source-sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Satellite DNA (satDNA) is an abundant class of tandemly repeated noncoding sequences, showing high rate of change in sequence, abundance, and physical location. However, the mechanisms promoting these changes are still controversial. The library model was put forward to explain the conservation of some satDNAs for long periods, predicting that related species share a common collection of satDNAs, which mostly experience quantitative changes. Here, we tested the library model by analyzing three satDNAs in ten species of Schistocerca grasshoppers. This group represents a valuable material because it diversified during the last 7.9 Myr across the American continent from the African desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), and this thus illuminates the direction of evolutionary changes. By combining bioinformatic and cytogenetic, we tested whether these three satDNA families found in S. gregaria are also present in nine American species, and whether differential gains and/or losses have occurred in the lineages. We found that the three satDNAs are present in all species but display remarkable interspecies differences in their abundance and sequences while being highly consistent with genus phylogeny. The number of chromosomal loci where satDNA is present was also consistent with phylogeny for two satDNA families but not for the other. Our results suggest eminently chance events for satDNA evolution. Several evolutionary trends clearly imply either massive amplifications or contractions, thus closely fitting the library model prediction that changes are mostly quantitative. Finally, we found that satDNA amplifications or contractions may influence the evolution of monomer consensus sequences and by chance playing a major role in driftlike dynamics. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.BACKGROUND Physical training, regardless of the presence of concurrent weight loss, provides numerous health benefits for individuals who are overweight and obese and have or are at risk for cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to identify different types of physical training programs (aerobic, resistance, or combined), with or without counseling/diet modifications, and their impact on physical fitness in individuals who have class II and III obesity. DATA SOURCES Medline and Medline in process, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and PubMed were searched up to June 2017. STUDY SELECTION This review had the following inclusion criteria body mass index of ≥35 kg/m2 and an age of 18 years or older; supervised physical training program; randomized controlled trial; physical fitness outcome (muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and/or flexibd outcome measures among the studies and an unclear risk of bias in several studies. MGI25036 © 2020 American Physical Therapy Association.This study aimed to evaluate the rectal dose reduction with hydrogel spacer in 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), helical tomotherapy (HT), CyberKnife (CK) and proton therapy. Twenty patients who had hydrogel spacer for prostate radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled. Computed tomography (CT) images with or without hydrogel spacer were used to evaluate rectal dose reduction. In total, 200 plans (20 patients × 2 CT images × 5 techniques) were created using the following criteria 3DCRT, VMAT and HT [76 Gy/38 fractions (Fr), planning target volume (PTV) D50%], CK (36.25 Gy/5 Fr, PTV D95%) and proton therapy (63 GyE/21 Fr, PTV D50%). Rectal dose reduction was evaluated using low-/middle-dose (D20%, D50% and D80%) and high-dose (D2%) ranges. Rectal dose reduction of each dose index was compared for each technique. Significant rectal dose reduction (P  less then  0.001) between the treatment plans on pre- and post-CT images were achieved for all modalities for D50%, D20% and D2%. In particular, the dose reduction of high-dose (D2%) ranges were -40.61 ± 11.19, -32.44 ± 5.51, -25.90 ± 9.89, -13.63 ± 8.27 and -8.06 ± 4.19%, for proton therapy, CK, HT, VMAT and 3DCRT, respectively. The area under the rectum dose-volume histogram curves were 34.15 ± 3.67 and 34.36 ± 5.24% (P = 0.7841) for 3DCRT with hydrogel spacer and VMAT without hydrogel spacer, respectively. Our results indicated that 3DCRT with hydrogel spacer would reduce the medical cost by replacing the conventional VMAT without spacer for prostate cancer treatment, from the point of view of the rectal dose. For the high-dose gradient region, proton therapy and SBRT with CK showed larger rectal dose reduction than other techniques. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.CONTEXT The ability to measure the gut microbiome led to a surge in understanding and knowledge of its role in health and disease. The diet is a source of, fuel for, and influencer of composition of the microbiome. OBJECTIVE To assess the understanding of the interactions between nutrition and the gut microbiome in healthy adults. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Google Scholar searches were conducted in March and August 2018 limited to English, 2010-2018, healthy adults, reviews. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 86 articles were independently screened for duplicates and relevance, based on pre-identified inclusion criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Research has focused on dietary fiber-microbiota fuel. The benefits of fiber center on Short Chain Fatty Acids, which are required by colonocytes, improve absorption, and reduce intestinal transit time. Contrastingly, protein promotes microbial protein metabolism and potentially harmful by-products that can stagnate in the gut. The microbiota utilize and produce micronutrients; the bidirectional relationship between micronutrition and the gut microbiome is emerging.