pital, said that in 35 years at pediatric surgery, is the first time with the need of operative management, in pancreatic injury. The hepatobiliary surgical expert in adults, who was consulted in both cases, said that without the surgeries, both children were going to die.In the XIX century, the surgeon faces surgical challenges due to the creation of new technologies. Accidental or compressed air-induced injury to the colon and rectum is rare. We present the case of a 45-year-old patient who consults the emergency department, then a high-pressure rectal pneumatic trauma, with clinical findings of peritonism, managed with a Hartmann-type colostomy. and anterior resection of the rectum using laparoscopy, with findings of rectosigmoid perforation. With this, it can be demonstrated that minimally invasive surgery is a feasible approach in hemodynamically unstable patients without contraindication for pneumoperitoneum.Chronic inflammation resulting from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, the major risk factor for gastric cancer, results in increased release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage. APE1 endonuclease, a key component of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, is responsible for the repair of damage induced by ROS. However, the APE1 gene and other DNA damage response (DDR) genes are still poorly understood in gastric cancer. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the silencing of APE1 by shRNA can interfere with the survival of AGS gastric cancer cells after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or H. pylori extract (HPE) and its relation with the expression of DDR genes (ATM, ATR, and H2AX) and miRNAs that target DDR genes. In the AGS cells expressing APE1, isolated or combined treatment with H2O2 and HPE promoted a slight increase in the cell proliferation and increased the levels of intracellular ROS and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) indicated by ©H2AX foci, a reduction in the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and an increase in the initial apoptosis rate. Moreover, upregulation of APE1, ATR, miR-15a, miR-21, miR-24 and miR-421 and downregulation of ATM and H2AX was observed. In silenced AGS cells after treatment with H2O2 alone or combined with HPE, we observed an increase in the cell proliferation rate and the levels of intracellular ROS and DSBs and a reduction in the proportion of cells in S and G2/M phase arrest, leading to late apoptosis. APE1 knockdown also caused a reduction in the expression of ATM and miR-421, while ATR expression was increased. Based on our results, APE1 knockdown may promote changes in cellular processes by increasing genomic instability, leading to G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis, so it may be a promising strategy for controlling tumor progression.In 1958 the first recorded case of a patient treated with human growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency was published. Since that time, the source and availability of human growth hormone have changed. With the increased availability of growth hormone, there has been an uptrend in the level below which childhood growth hormone deficiency is diagnosed based on provocative GH stimulation testing. This increase is despite better specificity of growth hormone assays in addition to a lack of supportive evidence regarding appropriate normal values. With these trends the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency is evolving, and clinicians should be aware that this may have potential ethical implications.Bisphosphonates and denosumab are commonly used antiresorptive therapies in patients with bone metastasis and osteoporosis. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious side effect of these drugs, and infection has been recognized as a contributing factor. RMC-7977 ic50 Current therapeutic options for MRONJ show limited effectiveness, therefore necessitating novel treatment strategies. Bisphosphonates have recently been reported to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an inherent component of the immune system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the influence of the anti-RANKL antibody denosumab and bisphosphonates on the gene expression of selected AMPs human α-defensin-1, human α-defensin-3, human β-defensin-1, and human β-defensin-3. Bone specimens were collected from patients with MRONJ who had been treated with bisphosphonates (n = 6) or denosumab (n = 6), and from healthy subjects (n = 6) with no history of treatment with bone metabolism-influencing drugs. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression levels of selected AMPs. Samples from patients treated with denosumab showed significantly higher mRNA expression of human α-defensin-3 and human β-defensin-3 than those from healthy subjects. This finding is similar to previously described upregulated expression of human defensins in patients with MRONJ after bisphosphonates treatment. This suggests that the elevated expression of defensins may be at least a part of the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis induced by antiresorptive therapies, which can serve as a new target for potential treatment of MRONJ.Cancer is the major cause of death worldwide in countries of all income levels. The Hippo signaling pathway is a Drosophila kinase gene that was identified to regulate organ size, cell regeneration, and contribute to tumorigenesis. A huge variety of extrinsic and intrinsic signals regulate the Hippo signaling pathway. The Hippo signaling pathway consists of a wide array of components that merge numerous signals such as mechanical signals to address apoptosis resistance, cell proliferation, cellular outputs of growth, cell death and survival at cellular and tissue level. Recent studies have shed new light on the regulatory role of microRNAs in Hippo signaling and how they contribute to cancer progression. MicroRNAs influence various cancer-related processes such as, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, cell cycle and metabolism. Inhibition and overexpression of miRNAs via miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors, respectively, can uncover a hopeful and reliable insight for treatment and early diagnosis of cancer patients.