Following traumatic peripheral nerve injury, adequate restoration of function remains an elusive clinical goal. Recent research highlights the complex role that the immune system plays in both nerve injury and regeneration. Pro-regenerative processes in wounded soft tissues appear to be significantly mediated by cytokines of the type 2 immune response, notably interleukin (IL)-4. While IL-4 signaling has been firmly established as a critical element in general tissue regeneration during wound healing, it has also emerged as a critical process in nerve injury and regeneration. In this context of peripheral nerve injury, endogenous IL-4 signaling has recently been confirmed to influence more than leukocytes, but including also neurons, axons, and Schwann cells. Given the role IL-4 plays in nerve injury and regeneration, exogenous IL-4 and/or compounds targeting this signaling pathway have shown encouraging preliminary results to treat nerve injury or other neuropathy in rodent models. In particular, the exogenous stimulation of the IL-4 signaling pathway appears to promote postinjury neuron survival, axonal regeneration, remyelination, and thereby improved functional recovery. These preclinical data strongly suggest that targeting IL-4 signaling pathways is a promising translational therapy to augment treatment approaches of traumatic nerve injury. However, a better understanding of the type 2 immune response and associated signaling networks functioning within the nerve injury microenvironment is still needed to fully develop this promising therapeutic avenue.Aim. To consider the diagnosis of spinal reperfusion syndrome (SRS) and its medicolegal implications.Materials and Methods. . A PRISMA guided PubMed search was performed to identify cases of possible SRS following spinal surgery.Result. Fourteen papers suggested that SRS might be the cause of neurological deterioration. In patients undergoing surgery for cervical degenerative disorders there were 7 patients who had new deficits immediately on awakening from the anaesthetic. There were 6 patients who had no new deficit immediately post-surgery with new deficits occurring within hours, or up to 3 days post-surgery.Conclusion. There is no agreed clinical definition of the SRS and the radiological abnormalities are not defined. AZ20 in vivo The diagnosis of SRS can potentially be made by exclusion or inclusion. If there is a known cause of new neurological deficits intra- or immediately post-operatively, such as for example intraoperative cord injury, inadequate decompression or a haematoma, that is the probable diagnosis, not SRS. If a patient awakes with new deficits the most likely cause (if no other cause is identified) is intraoperative injury to the cord. If there is delayed deterioration with no cause identified SRS is a possible explanation. New deficits occur in 0.5 to 1.0% of patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery i.e. overall this is common whereas SRS is rare. The medicolegal implications are discussed. Numerous drugs pose harm to healthcare workers. Medical surveillance (MS) questionnaires often do not capture desired information. Social cognitive theory, plain language, and quality improvement were explored to design an MS questionnaire. The goal of this study was to pilot test an MS questionnaire assessing employees' hazardous drug (HD) exposures consistent with a 2016 public standard addressing safe handling of HDs in health care. A cross-sectional study design was used to conduct qualitative analysis of questionnaire data collected from a convenience sample of three to five employees from each of the four departments at elevated risk of HD exposures in a large tertiary healthcare organization. Key research questions addressed employees' understanding of questionnaire items and interview completion rates. Fourteen employees (oncology nurses, pharmacy technicians, housekeepers, and laundry workers) participated. None had participated in the organization's prior hazardous drug medical surveillance (HDMS) activities. For the surveillance process, employees preferred in-person interviews to emailed questionnaires. Challenges for questionnaire comprehension related to employees' basic skills of literacy and numeracy. Strategies for ensuring employee comprehension of health and safety communications are critical. Questionnaires should be written in plain language employees can understand the first time it is read.Strategies for ensuring employee comprehension of health and safety communications are critical. Questionnaires should be written in plain language employees can understand the first time it is read.Cyclic and low-magnitude loading promotes osteogenesis (i.e. new bone formation). Normal strain, strain energy density and fatigue damage accumulation are typically considered as osteogenic stimuli in computer models to predict site-specific new bone formation. These models however had limited success in explaining osteogenesis near the sites of minimal normal strain, for example, neutral axis of bending. Other stimuli such as fluid motion or strain gradient also stimulate bone formation. In silico studies modeled the new bone formation as a function of fluid motion, however, computation of fluid motion involves complex mathematical calculations. Strain gradients drive fluid flow and thus can also be established as the stimulus. Osteogenic potential of strain gradients is however not well established. The present study establishes strain gradients as osteogenic stimuli. Bending-induced strain gradients are computed at cortical bone cross-sections reported in animal loading in vivo studies. Correlation analysis between strain gradients and site of osteogenesis is analyzed. In silico model is also developed to test the osteogenic potential of strain gradients. The model closely predicts in vivo new bone distribution as a function of strain gradients. The outcome establishes strain gradient as computationally easy and robust stimuli to predict site-specific osteogenesis. The present study may be useful in the development of biomechanical approaches to mitigate bone loss.