The review article focuses on free radicals and oxidative stress involved in ophthalmological diseases such as retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, etc. Oxidative stress is considered as a key factor involved in the pathology of many chronic diseases including ophthalmic complication and inflammatory process. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely related pathophysiological processes and are simultaneously found in many pathological conditions. The free radicals produced oxidize cellular components such as lipids and phospholipids leading to lipid peroxidation and trigger the onset of retinopathy. Cataract is a significant cause of visual disability and it is proposed that the high incidence is related to oxidative stress induced by continued intraocular penetration of light and consequent photochemical generation of free radical oxidants. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and comprises a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration. Oxidative injury and altered antioxidant defense mechanisms in glaucoma appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous neurodegeneration that is characterized by death of retinal ganglion cells. The UVB radiations through this way may cause a number of diseases like photo-keratitis, pterygium, damage to epithelium, edema, and corneal cell apoptosis.Abbreviations ROS reactive oxygen species; RNS reactive nitrogen species; O2. superoxide anion; H2O2 hydrogen peroxide;. OH hydroxyl radicals; ONOO-, ONO2- peroxynitrite; NO nitric oxide; IOP intraocular pressure; RGC retinal ganglion cells. WHO World Health Organization; IAPB International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness.OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-systemic autoimmune disease with variable levels of activity that may wax and wane within the same patient over the years. In view of the scarcity of data about lupus in the East Malaysian population, we aimed to study the disease activity and damage index in patients with SLE hospitalized in a tertiary center in Sabah, East Malaysia. METHODS We retrospectively studied all patients with SLE admitted from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015. Demographic data, clinical features, treatment received, SLEDAI and SLICC/ACR (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology) criteria and outcomes were collected. RESULTS There were 108 patients studied whereby 88.9% were females. They had a mean age of 31.4 ± 11.02 years at admission and were multiethnic in origin. The mean number of ACR criteria for SLE was 5.03 ± 1.5 at the time of diagnosis. There were 158 hospitalizations during the 3 years. The main causes of hospitaion remained the main causes of admission and readmissions and was present in 44.4% of the mortalities in our cohort.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause persistent cognitive changes and ongoing neurodegeneration in the brain. Accumulating epidemiological and pathological evidence implicates TBI in the development of Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. Further, the TBI-induced form of dementia, called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, shares many pathological hallmarks present in multiple different diseases which cause dementia. Wnt inhibitor The inflammatory and neuritic responses to TBI and dementia overlap, indicating that they may share common pathological mechanisms and that TBI may ultimately cause a pathological cascade culminating in the development of dementia. This review explores Australian pre-clinical research investigating the pathological links between TBI and dementia.Both care continuity and care coordination are important features of the health care system. However, little is known about the relationship between care continuity and care coordination, their effects on hospitalizations, and whether these effects vary across patients with various levels of comorbidity. This study employed a panel study design with a 3-year follow-up from 2007 to 2011 in Taiwan's universal health coverage system. Patients aged 18 years or older who were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2007 were included in the study. We found that the correlation between care continuity and care coordination was low. Patients with higher levels of care continuity or care coordination were less likely to experience hospitalization for diabetes-related conditions. Furthermore, both care continuity and care coordination showed stronger effects for patients with higher comorbidity scores. Improving care continuity and coordination for patients with multiple chronic conditions is the right direction for policymakers.Child maltreatment is an international public health problem. The aftermath can appear in multiple aspects of individual health and development, including decreased physical and emotional function, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicide attempts. However, there is lack of evidence regarding the quality of life of maltreated children. This study aims to examine the association between children's maltreatment experience and their quality of life. This study employed a cross-sectional design and surveyed 1,093 primary school children (including migrant children and nonmigrant children) in Shanghai, China. The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC) and Pediatrics Quality of Life Inventory were used to measure children's experiences of child maltreatment and their quality of life. Corporal punishment (89.47%) was the most prevalent form of child maltreatment, followed by physical assault (80.21%), psychological abuse (65.00%), and neglect (52.26%). Children's migration status was not associated with their quality of life; however, social capital factors were all associated with increased levels of quality of life. Children's victimization experience, including severe to very severe physical assault (β = -3.34/-3.80, p less then .001), psychological assault (β = -3.74, p less then .001), corporal punishment (β = -2.46, p less then .01), and neglect (β = -4.31, p less then .001), was associated with their decreased quality of life. The results show that child maltreatment threatens the quality of life of children. There is a need for developing effective interventions to prevent child maltreatment and reduce the adverse outcomes among children with maltreatment experiences.