Polar interactions between CS-300, CS-500, and CS-800 and SDZ and SMX occurring at the high-energy sites dominated their removal. However, TC and CFX removal by these biochars was driven by their polar interactions occurring at high-energy sites and π-π interactions at low-energy sites. The π-π stacking mechanism tended to dominate their removal with increasing charring temperature. Abundance of polar functionalities on CS-500, BS-500, and MBM-500 and TC removal efficiency of these materials consistently followed an order of MBM-500 > CS-500 > BS-500, highlighting importance of precursors for making biochars and polar interactions in its removal. Exposure to particulate matter (PM ) is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Yet few studies have examined patterns of population exposure and investigated the predictors of PM across the rapidly growing cities in lower- and middle-income countries. Characterize PM levels, describe patterns of population exposure, and investigate urban factors as predictors of PM levels. We used data from the Salud Urbana en America Latina/Urban Health in Latin America (SALURBAL) study, a multi-country assessment of the determinants of urban health in Latin America, to characterize PM levels in 366 cities comprising over 100,000 residents using satellite-derived estimates. Factors related to urban form and transportation were explored. We found that about 172 million or 58% of the population studied lived in areas with air pollution levels above the defined WHO-AQG of 10μg/m annual average. We also found that larger cities, cities with higher GDP, higher motorization rate and higher congestion tand transportation policies could have a major impact on ambient levels.Riverine ecosystems can be conceptualized as 'bioreactors' (the riverine bioreactor) which retain and decompose a wide range of organic substrates. The metabolic performance of the riverine bioreactor is linked to their community structure, the efficiency of energy transfer along food chains, and complex interactions among biotic and abiotic environmental factors. However, our understanding of the mechanistic functioning and capacity of the riverine bioreactor remains limited. We review the state of knowledge and outline major gaps in the understanding of biotic drivers of organic matter decomposition processes that occur in riverine ecosystems, across habitats, temporal dimensions, and latitudes influenced by climate change. We propose a novel, integrative analytical perspective to assess and predict decomposition processes in riverine ecosystems. We then use this model to analyse data to demonstrate that the size-spectra of a community can be used to predict decomposition rates by analysing an illustrative dataset. This modelling methodology allows comparison of the riverine bioreactor's performance across habitats and at a global scale. Our integrative analytical approach can be applied to advance understanding of the functioning and efficiency of the riverine bioreactor as hotspots of metabolic activity. Application of insights gained from such analyses could inform the development of strategies that promote the functioning of the riverine bioreactor across global ecosystems. Previous studies have found that exposed to low and high outdoor temperature was associated with cardiovascular diseases morbidity and mortality. The risk factors for cardiovascular disease include high blood lipid, high uric acid (UA) and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG). However, few studies have explored the effects of low and high temperature on these metabolic indicators. To explore the effect of low and high temperature on metabolic indicators in adults from northwest of China. Based on a prospective cohort study, a total of 30,759 individuals who participated in both baseline and first follow-up from 2011 to 2015 were selected in this study. The meteorological observation data and environmental monitoring data were collected in the same period. Associations between cold and hot temperature and blood lipid (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)), UA and FPG were conducted with mixed effect models anderlying mechanism of the influence of temperature on metabolic diseases.There was a significant effect of cold and hot temperature on metabolic indicators in a high altitude area of northwestern China. These results provide a basis for understanding the underlying mechanism of the influence of temperature on metabolic diseases.Today's urban transportation systems face increasing challenges such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, urban air quality, and traffic congestion. In this context, various initiatives of mutualized mobility have emerged. However, notably lacking is assessing the environmental impacts of mutualized transportation modes from a life cycle perspective. Using the actual urban transportation big data and related product life cycle data, this study combined with the life cycle assessment methodology and a "bottom-up" approach, explores the effect of mutualized mobility on greenhouse gas emissions of urban transportation systems for both Beijing and Toronto. The results showed that mutualized mobility might positively affect the sustainability of urban transport systems, albeit in very different ways. In Toronto, the annual per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 decreased by 2.8 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) compared to 2011. Both carpooling and car-sharing displayed a higher curbing potential than ride-hailing. In a city characterized by higher population density like Beijing, ride-hailing created negative impacts. Deadheading (i.e., pulling an empty trailer) was the critical factor affecting ride-hailing's environmental performance, which accounted for about 30% of the total vehicle life cycle emissions. Halofuginone ic50 Counter-intuitively, greenhouse gas emissions of station-based bike-sharing (SBBS) were almost six times that of privately-owned bicycles and even higher than public transportation. This study's results can be used as a starting base for decision-makers to devise more appropriate strategies and programs to promote the sustainability of mutualized mobility and urban transportation systems. Meanwhile, it can also help the public at large to better understand the characteristics and environmental impacts of mutualized mobility to adopt more sustainable mutualized mobility alternatives.