Acetylcholine-mediated transmission plays a central role in the impairment of corticostriatal synaptic activity and plasticity in multiple DYT1 mouse models. However, the nature of such alteration remains unclear. The aim of the present work was to characterize the mechanistic basis of cholinergic dysfunction in DYT1 dystonia to identify potential targets for pharmacological intervention. We utilized electrophysiology recordings, immunohistochemistry, enzymatic activity assays, and Western blotting techniques to analyze in detail the cholinergic machinery in the dorsal striatum of the Tor1a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. We found a significant increase in the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) protein level, the protein responsible for loading acetylcholine (ACh) from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles, which indicates an altered cholinergic tone. Accordingly, in Tor1a mice we measured a robust elevation in basal ACh content coupled to a compensatory enhancement of acetylcholinesterase (ACet to normalize cholinergic dysfunction observed in DYT1 dystonia. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Pneumonia, a leading cause of death in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), results from progressive and pervasive deficits of airway protection, including both cough and swallowing dysfunction. Cough protects the airway by expelling aspirate and may be an important therapeutic target to protect against pneumonia in the presence of dysphagia. However, cough has not been objectively characterized in PSP or compared to other common forms of parkinsonism, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to examine voluntary and reflex cough function in PSP, as compared to patients with PD matched for disease duration. Twenty-six patients with PSP and 26 with PD completed voluntary and reflex cough testing via spirometry. Linear mixed effects models examined comparisons between groups and within cough types across cough sensory and motor outcomes. Patients with PSP demonstrated significantly reduced cough motor function compared to PD, specifically reduced peak expiratory flow rate (P <onsidered as a therapeutic target to potentially reduce adverse health events and improve quality of life in this population. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) can cause a series of depressive symptoms in depression patients. Recently, notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) has been reported to play crucial roles in the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic. However, the role and mechanisms of NGR1 in improving symptoms of depressive behavior remain unknown. Evaluating and identifying its value and exploring the mechanisms of NGR1 on CUMS-induced depressive behavior were the aims of this study. Here, rats were separated into five different groups and treated with or without different concentrations of the NGR1. Then, the body weight, sucrose preference rate, immobility time, crossing number, rearing number, and grooming number were determined to evaluate the effect of NGR1 on improving the depressive behavior of CUMS rats. Subsequently, the morphology of hippocampal neurons and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in each group were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and western blot to show the neuroprotective effects of NGR1. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were also detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of NGR1 on CUMS rats. In addition, the cell apoptosis-related proteins were examined to reveal that NGR1 can inhibit cell apoptosis in CUMS rats. Moreover, it was confirmed that NGR1 attenuated the symptoms of depressive behavior by mediated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Together, this study shows that NGR1 improves depressive behavior induced by chronic stress in rats through activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a growing burden in all ages. The aim of this study was to compare trial characteristics between pediatric and adult AD trials. Data were collected from ClinicalTrials.gov on AD therapeutic trials completed between 2003 and 2019. The trials were classified as pediatrics (mean or median age <18years of the experimental group participants) or adults. The trials with and without results on ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on PubMed for further data collection. Of 210 trials, 50 (24%) were pediatric trials [mean age 8.2±4.3years (SD)] and 160 (76%) were adult trials [mean age 35.2±5.7years (SD)]. UGT8IN1 Pediatric and adult trials were equally likely to be randomized controlled trials; however, pediatric trials were more likely to be open-label trials (P<.001) and have no comparator (P<.001). Adult trials were more likely to be industry-funded (95% vs. 80%, P=.001). Any evaluation of drug safety was more likely present in adult trials (83% vs. 60%, P=.001). In trials examining AD severity as an outcome, the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) predominated in adult trials (51% vs. 29%, P<.05) and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) in pediatric trials (25% vs. 10%, P<.05). The results highlight differences in trial design between pediatric and adult AD trials and show a lack of standardization in trial design.The results highlight differences in trial design between pediatric and adult AD trials and show a lack of standardization in trial design.This study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of bitter melon (BM), chard, and parsley extracts on oxidative damage that may occur in the brain of rats with bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced biliary cirrhosis. It was observed that lipid peroxidation (LPO), sialic acid (SA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels increased; glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) activity, and tissue factor (TF) activity decreased significantly in the BDL group. However, in groups with BDL given BM, chard, and parsley extracts LPO, SA, NO levels decreased; GSH levels and CAT activities increased significantly. No significant differences were observed between groups in total protein, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and boron. Histological findings were supported by the biochemical results. BM, chard, and parsley extracts were effective in the regression of oxidant damage caused by cirrhosis in the brain tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Bitter melon (BM), chard, and parsley have antioxidant properties due to their bioactive compounds which are involved in scavenging free radicals, suppressing their production, and stimulating the production of endogenous antioxidant compounds.