Prolonged exposure to microgravity during spaceflights leads to severe deterioration in the physical performance of astronauts. To understand the effectiveness of existing in-flight daily countermeasures and to plan exercise onboard the International Space Station, we compared supine treadmill running to traditional upright treadmill running on earth. Specifically, we assessed the cardiorespiratory responses to conventional upright running to the responses to supine treadmill running under 0.3 g, 0.6 g, and 1 g of body weight in younger (20-30 years, n = 14, 8 females) and older healthy adults (50-60 years, n = 12, 6 females). Maximal cardiorespiratory capacity was additionally evaluated by performing an incremental running protocol on each treadmill. Maximum speed was greater for 0.3 g and 0.6 g in supine than for upright running (18.5 km/h (1.1) and 15.9 (3.1) vs 13.2 (2.4) p less then 0.001). In contrast, maximum oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2max ) and maximum heart rate (HRmax ) were greater in upright running than in all supine conditions (Upright treadmill running vs S1.0G vs S0.6G vs S0.3G, 41.7 ml kg-1 min-1 (7.2) vs 30.5 (6.6) vs 32.9 (7.0) vs 30.9 (5.2), p less then 0.001 and 171 beats min-1 (14) vs 152 (24) vs 155 (20) vs 152 (18), p less then 0.001, respectively). The reduction in V ˙ O 2max was remarkably similar across all three supine conditions, could not be increased by higher running speeds and can be well explained by reduced ground reaction forces (GRF). Thus, although a gravity-related restriction of pulmonary gas exchange or perfusion of the legs when exercising in the supine position can be suspected, findings are also explicable on grounds of the vertical treadmill mechanics. Reduced loading will constitute a substantial limitation to V ˙ O 2 in space with implications for crew health and the physical deterioration of astronauts. (a) To understand patients' lived experience at intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and (b) to evaluate the impact of a nursing empowerment intervention (NEI) on patients' anxiety and depression levels at ICU discharge. A mixed-methods approach will be applied. In the qualitative phase, the hermeneutic phenomenological method will be used. Participants will be patients from three university hospitals who will be selected by purposive sampling. Data will be gathered through in-depth interviews and analysed using content analysis. The qualitative data obtained will be employed to develop the nursing intervention. Subsequently, a multicenter, parallel-group, experimental pre-test/post-test design with a control group will be used to measure the effectiveness of the nursing empowerment intervention in the quantitative phase by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Simple random probabilistic sampling will include 172 patients in this phase.In the qualitative phase, the hermeneutic phenomenological method will be used. NVP-BHG712 inhibitor Participants will be patients from three university hospitals who will be selected by purposive sampling. Data will be gathered through in-depth interviews and analysed using content analysis. The qualitative data obtained will be employed to develop the nursing intervention. Subsequently, a multicenter, parallel-group, experimental pre-test/post-test design with a control group will be used to measure the effectiveness of the nursing empowerment intervention in the quantitative phase by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Simple random probabilistic sampling will include 172 patients in this phase.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has its origins in the atypical development of brain networks. Infants who are at high familial risk for, and later diagnosed with ASD, show atypical activity in multiple electroencephalography (EEG) oscillatory measures. However, infant-sibling studies are often constrained by small sample sizes. We used the International Infant EEG Data Integration Platform, a multi-site dataset with 432 participants, including 222 at high-risk for ASD, from whom repeated measurements of EEG were collected between the ages of 3-36 months. We applied a latent growth curve model to test whether familial risk status predicts developmental trajectories of spectral power across the first 3 years of life, and whether these trajectories predict ASD outcome. Change in spectral EEG power in all frequency bands occurred during the first 3 years of life. Familial risk, but not a later diagnosis of ASD, was associated with reduced power at 3 months, and a steeper developmental change between 3 and 36 months in nearly all absolute power bands. ASD outcome was not associated with absolute power intercept or slope. No associations were found between risk or outcome and relative power. This study applied an analytic approach not used in previous prospective biomarker studies of ASD, which was modeled to reflect the temporal relationship between genetic susceptibility, brain development, and ASD diagnosis. Trajectories of spectral power appear to be predicted by familial risk; however, spectral power does not predict diagnostic outcome above and beyond familial risk status. Discrepancies between current results and previous studies are discussed. LAY SUMMARY Infants with an older sibling who is diagnosed with ASD are at increased risk of developing ASD themselves. This article tested whether EEG spectral power in the first year of life can predict whether these infants did or did not develop ASD.Despite substantial efforts aimed at the detection and intervention for early symptoms of mental illness, there is relatively limited research on the clinical overlap between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and early psychosis, for example, clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, in young people. We present a narrative review of the clinical overlap between BPD and psychosis spectrum symptoms. Both conditions have unstable temporal course, and both are marked by functional impairment, increased suicide risk, and higher rates of psychiatric inpatient services. We then review evidence-based treatments for psychosis and BPD, emphasizing treatments for early presentations of these symptoms and initial research considering treatments for the overlap. Psychotherapies with the strongest empirical support include cognitive behavioral models, with BPD showing limited response to adjunctive pharmacotherapy. We end by discussing specific recommendations for future research, including longitudinal studies to determine the predictors of the course of illness and the development of treatments to target comorbid BPD and CHR symptoms.