Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain accompanied by symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety and cognitive impairments. In addition to central nervous pain sensitization, emotional dysregulation may be involved in FMS pathogenesis. This study investigated central nervous correlates of affective and attentional processing in FMS using an implicit task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of the EEG were recorded in 25 FMS patients and 37 healthy controls while they had to name the frame color of pictures displaying emotional expressions (angry, painful, happy, neutral). The actual picture had to be ingored. Symptoms of pain, depression and anxiety were also assessed. Patients exhibited smaller P2 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes, and a greater N250 amplitude, than controls. The N250 amplitude varied according to the emotional expressions displayed in patients, but not in controls. No group differences arose for the P1 or N170 amplitudes. Patients hadon of the N250 suggests that the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual processes are particularly susceptible to emotional influences in FMS. The behavioral data confirm attentional deficits in the disorder and implicate clinical pain therein.Progranulin (PGRN), a secreted glycosylated protein, has been reported to attenuate ischemia-induced cerebral injury through anti-inflammation, attenuation of blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroprotection. However, the effect of PGRN on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) after cerebral ischemia remains unclear. In this study, adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), and different doses of recombinant mouse PGRN (r-PGRN, 0.3 ng, 1 ng, 5 ng) were intracerebroventricularly administered 30 min after pMCAO. Results showed that 1 ng r-PGRN markedly reduced infarct volume and rescued functional deficits 24 h after pMCAO. Meanwhile, 1 ng r-PGRN increased SVZ cell proliferation, as shown by a high number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+) cells and Ki-67+ cells in the ischemic ipsilateral SVZ 7 d after pMCAO. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/oxiglutatione.html Additionally, PGRN increased the percentage of BrdU+/Doublecortin (DCX)+ cells in the ipsilateral SVZ 14 d after pMCAO and increased the percentage of new neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+ cells) in the peri-infarct striatum 28 d after pMCAO, suggesting that PGRN promotes neuronal differentiation. PGRN also upregulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in the ipsilateral SVZ 3 d after pMCAO. Our data indicate that PGRN treatment promotes acute functional recovery; most importantly, it also stimulates neurogenesis in the SVZ, which could be beneficial for long-term recovery after cerebral ischemia. The increase in neurogenesis could be associated with activation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. These results suggest a potential new strategy utilizing PGRN in ischemic stroke therapy.Selective cerebral hypothermia is considered an effective treatment for neuronal injury after stroke and avoids the complications of general hypothermia. Several recent studies hanve suggested that SUMO2/3 conjugation occurs following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the relationship between the cerebral protective effect of selective cerebral hypothermia and SUMO2/3 conjugation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of selective cerebral hypothermia on SUMO2/3 conjugation during focal cerebral I/R injury. A total of 140 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. In the sham group, only the carotid artery was exposed. The endoluminal filament technique was used to induce middle cerebral artery occlusion in the other three groups. After 2 h of occlusion, the filaments were slowly removed to allow blood reperfusion in the I/R group. In the hypothermia (HT) group and normothermia (NT) group, normal saline at 4 °C and 37 °C, respectively , was perfused through the c in the HT group. The expression of SENP3 was increased in the NT group and I/R group, while it was decreased in the HT group at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion (Relative quantities, n = 5, Ubc9, 24 h, HT (2.44 ± 0.22) vs. I/R (1.55 ± 0.39), P less then 0.05. 48 h, HT (2.69 ± 0.16) vs. I/R (2.25 ± 0.33), P less then 0.05. SENP3, 24 h, HT (0.47 ± 0.15) vs. I/R (2.18 ± 0.43), P less then 0.05. 48 h, HT (0.72 ± 0.06) vs. I/R (1.51 ± 0.19), P less then 0.05. conjugated SUMO2/3 proteins, 24 h, HT (2.84 ± 0.24) vs. I/R (2.51 ± 0.20), P less then 0.05. 48 h, HT (2.73 ± 0.13) vs. I/R (2.44 ± 0.13), P less then 0.05). Further analysis showed that the variation in SENP3 expression was more obvious than that in Ubc9 under hypothermia intervention in the HT group. These findings suggest that selective cerebral hypothermia could increase SUMO2/3 modification mainly via down-regulating the expression of SENP3, and then exert neuroprotective effects in rats with cerebral I/R injury.During spaceflight and immediately after it, adaptive neuroplastic changes occur in the sensorimotor structures of the central nervous system, which are associated with changes of mainly vestibular and visual signals. It is known that the movement of the eyeball in the vertical direction is carried out by muscles that are innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and the oculomotor nerve (CN III). To elucidate the cellular processes underlying the atypical vertical nystagmus that occurs under microgravity conditions, it seems necessary to study the state of these nuclei in animals in more detail after prolonged space flights. We carried out a qualitative and quantitative light-optical and ultrastructural analysis of the nuclei of the trochlear nerve in mice after a 30-day flight on the Bion-M1 biosatellite. As a result, it was shown that the dendrites of motoneurons in the nucleus of the trochlear nerve significantly reorganized their geometry and orientation under microgravity conditions. The number of dendritic branches was increased, possibly in order to amplify the reduced signal flow. To ensure such plastic changes, the number and size of mitochondria in the soma of motoneurons and in axons coming from the vestibular structures increased. Thus, the main role in the adaptation of the trochlear nucleus to microgravity conditions, apparently, belongs to the dendrites of motoneurons, which rearrange their structure and function to enhance the flow of sensory information. These results complement our knowledge of the causes of atypical nystagmus in microgravity.