The students achieved significantly higher average scores in exams when the active learning strategy was applied compared with the use of traditional theoretical classes. The active methodology resulted in significantly lower levels of stress and anxiety, as well as improved student performance, compared with the use of traditional lectures.The history of hunger is a story about natural disasters and wars, but, on the other hand, also about the investigation of evolutionary defense mechanisms concerning quantitative food shortages. The article presents how fasting and the experimental starving oriented the development of physiology, and it is based on a comparative analysis of monographs and articles on starvation in the medical context from library collections and the PubMed database. Over the centuries, doctors have believed that fasting has a beneficial effect on health, and they recommended a restrictive diet during an illness. In the 19th century, the growth of modern physiology was determined by experimental fasting of human subjects and animals. Furthermore, undernourishment and chronic hunger in large populations were recognized as a threat to public health for the first time. STAT inhibitor During both world wars, depriving civilians of food became a strategy of combat and a method of genocide. The mass nature of war hunger motivated doctors to research the pathophysiology of starvation and refeeding of emaciated people, even in the ghetto or concentration camps. After the Second World War, the invention of the scanning electron microscope enabled systematic studies on the effects of starvation on the human body. As a result, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the cellular metabolism of cholesterol at the submolecular level were clarified. At the turn of the 21st century, the research on the metabolic response to starvation shed new light on atherogenesis and the link between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.Significance Sulfide was revealed to be an endogenous signaling molecule regulating a plethora of cellular functions. It is involved in the regulation of fundamental processes, including blood pressure regulation, suspended animation, and metabolic activity of mitochondria, pain, and inflammation. The underlying biochemical pathways and pharmacological targets are still largely unidentified. Recent Advances Red blood cells (RBCs) are known as oxygen transporters and were proposed to contribute to cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, also via interaction of hemoglobin with nitrite and NO itself. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that RBCs may also play a central role in systemic sulfide metabolism and homeostasis, and, potentially, in the crosstalk with NO. Heme-containing proteins such as hemoglobin were shown to be targeted by both NO and sulfide. In this article, we aim at revising and discussing the potential impact of RBCs on systemic sulfide metabolism in the cardiovascular system. Critical Issues Although the synthetic pathways and the reactivity of hemoglobin and other heme proteins with sulfide and NO are known, the in vivo role of RBCs in sulfide metabolism, physiology, pharmacology, and its pathophysiological implications have not been characterized so far. Future Directions To allow a better understanding of the role of RBCs in systemic sulfide metabolism and its cross-talk with NO, basic and translational science studies should be focused on dissecting the enzymatic and nonenzymatic sulfur metabolic pathways in RBCs in vivo and their impact on the cardiovascular system in animal models and clinical settings. Observational evidence suggests that mask wearing mitigates transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is uncertain if this observed association arises through protection of uninfected wearers (protective effect), via reduced transmission from infected mask wearers (source control), or both. To assess whether recommending surgical mask use outside the home reduces wearers' risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a setting where masks were uncommon and not among recommended public health measures. Randomized controlled trial (DANMASK-19 [Danish Study to Assess Face Masks for the Protection Against COVID-19 Infection]). (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04337541). Denmark, April and May 2020. Adults spending more than 3 hours per day outside the home without occupational mask use. Encouragement to follow social distancing measures for coronavirus disease 2019, plus either no mask recommendation or a recommendation to wear a mask when outside the home among other persons together s on home tests, no blinding, and no assessment of whether masks could decrease disease transmission from mask wearers to others. The recommendation to wear surgical masks to supplement other public health measures did not reduce the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among wearers by more than 50% in a community with modest infection rates, some degree of social distancing, and uncommon general mask use. The data were compatible with lesser degrees of self-protection. The Salling Foundations.The Salling Foundations.Lung development is a complicated and delicate process, facilitated by spatially and temporarily coordinated crosstalk of up to 40 cell types. Developmental origin and heterogeneity of lung cell lineages in context of lung development have been a focus of research efforts for decades. Bulk RNA and protein measurements, RNA and protein labelling, and lineage tracing techniques have been traditionally employed. However, the complex and heterogeneous nature of lung tissue presents a particular challenge when identifying subtle changes in gene expression in individual cell types. Rapidly developing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques allow for unbiased and robust assessment of complex cellular dynamics during biological processes in unprecedented ways. Discovered a decade ago, scRNA-seq has been applied in respiratory research to understand lung cellular composition and to identify novel cell types. Still, very few studies to date have addressed the single-cell transcriptome in healthy or aberrantly developing lung.