vising targeted interventions.We report a varying distribution of PTB in small and different areas over 10 years. Spatial and temporal analysis of disease distribution can be used to identify areas with a high burden of disease and predictors of clustering, which helps in making policy decisions and devising targeted interventions.Background. Providing workers with respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is not enough to protect them. RPE should be selected correctly, worn properly and fitted adequately. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of training through fit test (TTFT) on knowledge, attitude and performance (KAP) of workers regarding a respiratory protection program. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 respirator users in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. A structured questionnaire was developed to assess the KAP of workers before any intervention. After that, all participants were trained with a 15-min video-based training intervention and then the qualitative fit test was performed. Participants who failed in the fit test were retrained and the test was repeated. To assess the effect of TTFT, the KAP questionnaire was completed after 3 months. SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyze data. Results. There was a significant difference between knowledge, attitude and some of the unsafe behavior before and after TTFT. There was no person with a poor or very poor knowledge status after TTFT. Conclusion. TTFT could improve some unsafe behaviors associated with the user seal check. Moreover, TTFT could be considered an opportunity to improve workers' KAP regarding RPE.Past researches indicate that some types of antibiotics, apart from their antimicrobial effects, have some other important effects which indirectly are exerted by modulating and regulating the immune system's mediators. Among the compounds with antimicrobial effects, fluoroquinolones (FQs) are known as synthetic antibiotics, which exhibit the property of decomposing of DNA and prevent bacterial growth by inactivating the enzymes involved in DNA twisting, including topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and IV. Interestingly, immune responses are indirectly modulated by FQs through suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and super-inducing IL-2, which tend to increase both the growth and activity of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, they affect the development of immune responses by influencing of expression of other cytokines and mediators. This study aims to review past research on the immunomodulatory effects of FQs on the expression of cytokines, especially IL-2 and to discuss controversial investigations. Dutch guidelines recommend to consider intravenous magnesium sulfate (iv MgSO ) as a treatment option in case of failure of first line treatment in both children with exacerbations of acute episodic viral wheeze (AEVW) and acute asthma (AA). The implications on the actual use of iv MgSO iv in daily practice in both groups are unknown. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional nationwide survey to evaluate the use of iv MgSO in children with AEVW and AA. A questionnaire was handed out to pediatricians and pediatric residents in one academic and six community teaching hospitals. In 111 respondents, 76% reported regular use of iv MgSO in children with AEVW and 96% in children with AA. In total 89% and 93% of users were convinced iv MgSO was effective in children with AEVW and AA, respectively. Adverse effects, mainly hypotension, were identified by 23% and 17% of users in AEVW and AA, respectively. Most common reasons not to give MgSO were lack of evidence and small amount of studies. IV MgSO is reported to be widely used in Dutch practice in both young children with AEVW and older children with AA by respondents, while the national guidelines advise only to consider this treatment option.IV MgSO4 is reported to be widely used in Dutch practice in both young children with AEVW and older children with AA by respondents, while the national guidelines advise only to consider this treatment option.In speed-based sports that require fast reactions, the most accurate predictions are made once the players have seen the ball trajectory. However, waiting for the ball trajectory does not leave enough time for appropriate reactions. Expert athletes use kinematic information which they extract from the opponent's movements to anticipate the ball trajectory. Temporal occlusion, where only a part of the full movement sequence is presented, has often been used to research anticipation in sports. Unlike many previous studies, we chose occlusion points in video-stimuli of penalty shooting in handball based on the domain-specific analysis of movement sequences. Instead of relying on randomly chosen occlusion points, each time point in our study revealed a specific chunk of information about the direction of the ball. The multivariate analysis showed that handball goalkeepers were not only more accurate and faster than novices overall when predicting where the ball will end up, but that experts and novices also made their decisions based on different kinds of movement sequences. These findings underline the importance of kinematic knowledge for anticipation, but they also demonstrate the significance of carefully chosen occlusion points.Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia are common protozoan pathogens, which can pose health risks to people around the world and cause considerable economic losses. Although information on the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia in chickens can be found in China, knowledge on the infection of these two diseases in rural chickens, ducks, and geese is limited. Therefore, blood samples from 377 chickens, 268 ducks, and 379 geese were taken from rural areas in seven cities in northeastern China, and their seropositivity was analyzed by the indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) test with a cutoff titer of 164. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia was 10.6% and 21.0%, respectively. MALT1 inhibitor Moreover, the free-range poultry (20.75% and 30.55%) have significantly higher seroprevalences than caged poultry (5.47% and 15.66%) (p  less then  0.001). Moreover, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in older and younger poultry was found to be 5.48% and 12.89%, and those in Chlamydia were 23.53% and 15.16%, respectively.