4 μM) esters, the main acyl-CoA substrates used to synthesise the TAGs that accumulate in sunflower seeds. Interestingly, rHaACBP1 also appears to bind to different species of phosphatidylcholines (dioleoyl-PC and dilinoleoyl-PC), glycerolipids that are also involved in TAG synthesis, and while it interacts with dioleoyl-PA, this is less prominent than its binding to the PC derivative. Expression of rHaACBP in yeast alters its fatty acid composition, as well as the composition and size of the host acyl-CoA pool. These results suggest that HaACBP1 may potentially fulfil a role in the transport and trafficking of acyl-CoAs during sunflower seed development.Metabolic effects of potassium (K) deficiency have been described for nearly 70 years but specific effects of low K availability on sugar composition, sugar export rate and its relationship with other leaf metabolites are not very well documented. Having such pieces of information is nevertheless essential to identify metabolic signatures to monitor K fertilization. This is particularly true in oil-producing crop species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is strongly K-demanding and involves high sugar dependence for fruit formation because of low carbon use efficiency in lipid synthesis. Here, we used metabolic analyses, measured sugar export rates with 13C isotopic labeling and examined the effects of K availability on both leaflet and rachis sugar metabolism in oil palm seedlings. We show that low K leads to a modification of sugar composition mostly in rachis and decreased sucrose and hexose export rates from leaflets. As a result, leaflets contained more starch and induced alternative pathways such as raffinose synthesis, although metabolites of the raffinose pathway remained quantitatively minor. The alteration of glycolysis by low K was compensated for by an increase in alternative sugar phosphate utilization by tyrosine metabolism, resulting in considerable amounts of tyramine and dopamine.The trade-off between plant growth and resistance to herbivory is thought to be at least partly mediated by the interactions between jasmonates and gibberellins (GAs). Insect herbivory activates jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling, and plant growth is concomitantly inhibited. Whether or not the herbivory-induced jasmonates suppress the accumulation of GAs and thus reduce plant growth, and which jasmonates are functional in this process, remain unclear. In this study, we show that herbivory-induced stunted growth of Nicotiana attenuata was completely dependent on allene oxide cyclase (AOC) and coronatine insensitive1 (COI1), which encode a JA biosynthetic enzyme and the receptor, respectively, but only partially dependent on jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), the bioactive jasmonate. Quantification of GAs and exogenous treatments indicated that herbivory-induced growth inhibition was caused by GA4 deficiency, and that the reduction in GA4 accumulation was strongly associated with both decreased concentrations of GA biosynthetic gene transcripts and transcriptional activation of GA catabolic genes. We further show that JA-Ile only positively regulated the levels of GA catabolic genes, while the accumulation of GA biosynthetic gene transcripts was controlled by certain AOC-derived jasmonate(s) rather than by JA-Ile. This work sheds light on the mechanisms by which plants adapt to herbivory by using intricate phytohormone signaling and transcriptional regulatory networks.The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genome encodes six proteins containing a TLDc domain, typical of the eukaryotic OXidation Resistance (OXR) protein family. Expression of sunflower HaOXR2 in Arabidopsis generated plants with increased rosette diameter, higher number of leaves and increased seed production. Maize inbred lines expressing HaOXR2 also showed increased total leaf area per plant. In addition, heterologous expression of HaOXR2 induced an increase in the oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis and maize. Maize transgenic plants expressing HaOXR2 experienced less oxidative damage and exhibited increased photosynthetic performance and efficiency than non-transgenic segregant plants after treatment of leaves with the reactive oxygen species generating compound Paraquat. Expression of HaOXR2 in maize also improved tolerance to waterlogging. The number of expanded leaves, aerial biomass, and stem height and cross-section area were less affected by waterlogging in HaOXR2 expressing plants, which also displayed less aerial tissue damage under these conditions. Transgenic plants also showed an increased production of roots, a typical adaptive stress response. The results show the existence of functional conservation of OXR proteins in dicot and monocot plants and indicate that HaOXR2 could be useful to improve plant performance under conditions that increase oxidative stress.Infection of plants by pathogens can result in the upregulation of induced defenses; plants may be more or less susceptible to attack by insect herbivores following infection. We investigated the interaction between canola, Brassica napus L., plants infected with clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, and a generalist herbivore the bertha armyworm (BAW) Mamestra configurata Walker using two canola cultivars that varied in susceptibility to clubroot disease. Volatile organic compounds released from experimental plants differed with infection and female adult BAW could discriminate between canola plants inoculated with P. brassicae and disease-free plants. Adult female moths preferentially laid eggs on disease-free plants of the susceptible cultivar to P. brassicae. Inoculation of resistant canola with P. brassicae, however, did not influence oviposition by female BAW. The fitness of BAW larvae was reduced when they were reared on susceptible canola inoculated with P. brassicae. OT-82 NAMPT inhibitor Salicylic acid and its conjugates in susceptible canola plants were induced following P. brassicae inoculation as compared to disease-free susceptible plants. We conclude that suppression of BAW oviposition and offspring fitness may result in part from a change in the volatile profile of the plant as a result of inoculation and the induction of defenses in inoculated susceptible canola.