Among them, 458 (31.2%) had primary HTN, and 1012 (68.8%) had secondary HTN. Compared with patients had primary HTN, children with secondary HTN were younger and had lower body mass indexes and longer lengths of stay. Moreover, children with primary HTN had mostly been managed by the Endocrinology and Cardiology Departments, 75.8% of them having obesity-related comorbidities. In contrast, most patients with secondary HTN had been managed by the Nephrology Department, renal diseases being the leading cause of their HTN (46.3%). Secondary HTN is more common than primary HTN in pediatric clinical settings, renal diseases being the leading cause of secondary HTN.Secondary HTN is more common than primary HTN in pediatric clinical settings, renal diseases being the leading cause of secondary HTN. The impact of long-term burden of excessive body weight, beginning in childhood, on inflammatory status in adulthood has been poorly described. To characterize the longitudinal body mass index (BMI) trajectory from childhood and examine its relationship with inflammatory status in adulthood. We included 1285 adults who had 4-15 repeat measurements of BMI from childhood to adulthood. The area under the curve (AUC) of growth curves was calculated to characterize long-term burden (total AUC) and trends (incremental AUC) of BMI. After adjusting for covariates, higher values of BMI in terms of childhood and adulthood, as well as total and incremental AUC, were strongly associated with elevated levels of adult C-reactive protein (CRP) in the four race-sex groups. There were significant differences in linear and nonlinear curve parameters between the normal and high CRP groups for all race-sex groups ( < 0.01). Compared with participants who had consistently low BMI in both childhood and adulthood, participants with high BMI in adulthood had higher CRP levels ( < 0.001), irrespective of their childhood BMI status; participants with high BMI in childhood but low BMI in adulthood had similar adult CRP levels. The impact of excessive body weight on inflammation is cumulative and exacerbated over time. The influence of childhood overweight/obesity on inflammatory status in adulthood can be alleviated by reducing adiposity in adulthood.The impact of excessive body weight on inflammation is cumulative and exacerbated over time. The influence of childhood overweight/obesity on inflammatory status in adulthood can be alleviated by reducing adiposity in adulthood. Several methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake. However, their accuracies have been controversial in children. To validate the performance of three commonly used methods-the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) methods. Additionally, this study explored the accuracies of the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods by using spot urine samples taken at four separate times. Forty-one adolescents aged 14 to 16 years completed two non-consecutive 24-hour urine collections and their mean values were used as reference data. The second-morning urine was used for assessment with the Kawasaki method; a casual spot urine and spot urine samples taken at four separate times (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) were used for assessment with the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods. The mean differences were 1801 mg, 542 mg, 47 mg, and -31 mg for the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT1 (with potassium), and INTERSALT2 (without potassium) methods with their required spot urine, respectively. The proportions of relative difference levels within ± 10% were 4.9% for the Kawasaki method, 19.5% for the Tanaka method, 36.6% for the INTERSALT1 method, and 36.6% for the INTERSALT2 method. The INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine. However, there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake. The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level.The INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine. However, there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake. The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level. Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for lifelong bone mineral accrual, but few studies have determined the impact of childhood adiposity on adult bone density. To determine the long-term impact of childhood adiposity on adult areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and the effect of adult adiposity on this relationship. We conducted a longitudinal study of 1156 adults (56.3% men), for whom skinfold thickness (SFT) had been measured during childhood (6-18 years) and fat mass percentage (FMP) and aBMD were measured during adulthood (29-43 years). Adult aBMD in the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), arms, and legs was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The direct effect of childhood SFT and its indirect effect through adult FMP on adult aBMD were estimated using general linear regression and a causal steps approach. Significant positive associations between childhood SFT and adult aBMD were found in the LS in men ( = 0.089, 0.044) and in all the skeletal sites in women. With respect to the adult fat-bone relationship, high adult FMP was associated with low aBMD in most of the sites in men, but with high FN aBMD in women ( = 0.144, 0.002). read more Moreover, suppressive effects of adult FMP on the associations between childhood SFT and adult aBMD in the LS (-34.8%) and legs (-67.1%) of men, and a positive effect on the FN aBMD in women (17.0%) were identified. Childhood adiposity appears to have a positive long-term effect on adult aBMD, which may be reduced by adiposity in adult men but reinforced by adiposity in adult women.Childhood adiposity appears to have a positive long-term effect on adult aBMD, which may be reduced by adiposity in adult men but reinforced by adiposity in adult women.