Patients were evaluated for medical, neurological, and functional changes, and serum was collected for pharmacokinetics and immunological analyses. Patients were followed up for up to 12 months after treatment. A planned interim efficacy-based futility analysis was conducted after ∼33% of patients were enrolled. The pre-defined futility stopping rule was met, and the study was therefore ended prematurely. In the final analysis, the primary efficacy end-point was not met, with no statistically significant difference in change from baseline in upper-extremity motor score at 6 months after treatment between the VX-210 (9-mg) and placebo groups. This work opens the door to further improvements in the design and conduct of clinical trials in acute SCI.Introduction and Objective "Clinically insignificant residual fragments" are an independent predictive factor for recurrence of nephrolithiasis. To improve the stone-free rates (SFR), we tested the viability of a novel bioadhesive system for intrarenal embedding and retrieval of residual fragments less then 1 mm in a kidney model. Materials and Methods All procedures were performed in a standardized setting, including a kidney model (Kidney module right, Samed GmbH, Dresden) in a plastic basin filled with water. We used a Viper URF flexible ureterorenoscope (fURS) (6.6/8F, Richard Wolf, Knittlingen). A mean amount of 138 mg (standard deviation [SD] ±32.2 mg) of sand grains (range, 0.2-0.8 mm) was inserted in renal calices of the kidney model. We assessed the extraction efficacy of fURS using the bioadhesive system. In total, eight different surgeons performed each one trial, respectively. The endoscopic and macroscopic SFR, the level of the surgeons' experience, and the overall time of stone retrieval were evaluated. Additionally, a survey of the participants was conducted, to assess the contentment with this novel system. Results The extraction of the sand grains was only possible using the bioadhesive system, otherwise they were too small sized to grab with a retrieval basket. The total SFR was 84% (SD ±11.7%). The operation time (p = 0.052) and the percentage of extracted sand grains (p = 0.194) were not significantly different between experienced and less experienced surgeons. All participants stated that it was a promising technique, which they could imagine using on a daily basis. Conclusions The bioadhesive system improves the SFR with fragments from 0.2 to 0.8 mm (0% vs 84%). Also, the performance of this operation is not dependent on the surgeon's experience level. This method might improve the SFR in difficult anatomic conditions, that is, lower calices or anomalous kidneys.Introduction Robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R-RPLND) is a challenging procedure. We hypothesized that surgical times and operative complications would decrease as surgeons became more facile with R-RPLND. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 121 consecutive R-RPLNDs performed at Naval Medical Center San Diego and Mayo Clinic Arizona by 4 fellowship trained robotic surgeons between 2008 and 2018. Linear regression was used to analyze independent predictors of setup time, operative time, and lymph node counts. Logistic regression was used to analyze open conversions, overall complications, and high-grade complications. Variables included as independent predictors were sequential case number, surgeon, clinical stage, chemotherapy status, RPLND template, and body mass index. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was established at α = 0.05. Results There was no change in setup time with case number (p = 0.317), but differences were noted between surgeons. Operative times decreased with increasing case number (p  less then  0.001) but were negatively affected by clinical stage III testis cancer (p = 0.029) and history of chemotherapy exposure (p = 0.050). Surgical times are predicted to decrease by 1 hour after 44 cases. Lymph node counts were dependent only on the surgeon. No factors were predictive of open conversions. Fewer overall complications occurred as experience was gained (p = 0.001), but high-grade complications could not be predicted. Conclusions Consistent with the learning curves shown for other technologically advanced surgical techniques, experience appears to improve surgical times and lower complication rates for R-RPLND.Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with cardiac dysfunction, which is a consequence of the brain-heart cross talk. The subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) is an estimate of myocardial perfusion. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the SEVR in patients with severe TBI without previous cardiac diseases. Methods Adult patients treated for severe TBI with a Glasgow coma score less then 8 were studied. NSC 125973 datasheet Pressure waveforms were obtained by a high-fidelity tonometer in the radial artery for SEVR calculation at five time points immediately after admission to the intensive care unit and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after admission. SEVRs and other clinically important parameters were analyzed in patients who survived and did not survive after 28 days of treatment, as well as in patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC). Results A total of 64 patients (16 females and 48 males) aged 18-64 years were included. Fifty patients survived and 14 died. DC was performed in 23 patients. SEVRs decreased 24 h after admission in nonsurvivors (p  less then  0.05) and after 48 h in survivors (p  less then  0.01) and its values were significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors at 24, 72, and 96 h from admission (p  less then  0.05). The SEVR increased following DC (p  less then  0.05). Conclusions A decreased SEVR is observed in TBI patients. Surgical decompression increases the SEVR, indicating improvement in coronary microvascular perfusion. The results of our study seem to confirm that brain injury affects myocardium function.Background It is becoming increasingly recognized that there is significant interneuron degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. As the hippocampus is integral for learning and memory, we performed a systematic review of primary literature focused on the relationship between Alzheimer's and hippocampal interneurons. In this study, we summarize the experimental work performed to date and identify opportunities for future experiments. Objectives This PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-style systematic review seeks to summarize the findings of all accessible research focused on cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), parvalbumin (PV), and somatostatin (SOM) interneurons in the hippocampal formation. Results One thousand five hundred ninety-three articles were pulled from PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science, based on three blocks of search terms. There were 45 articles that met all the predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. There is strong evidence that PV interneurons are affected early in the disease by toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) fragments; SOM interneurons are affected indirectly while the SOM neuropeptide may act to slowly worsen toxic Aβ fragment accumulation, whereas NPY- and CCK-positive interneurons are affected later in the progression of the disease.