LND podría omitirse para pacientes en estadio clínico II.Large amounts of longitudinal health records are now available for dynamic monitoring of the underlying processes governing the observations. However, the health status progression across time is not typically observed directly records are observed only when a subject interacts with the system, yielding irregular and often sparse observations. This suggests that the observed trajectories should be modeled via a latent continuous-time process potentially as a function of time-varying covariates. We develop a continuous-time hidden Markov model to analyze longitudinal data accounting for irregular visits and different types of observations. By employing a specific missing data likelihood formulation we can construct an efficient computational algorithm. We focus on Bayesian inference for the model this is facilitated by an expectation-maximization algorithm and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Simulation studies demonstrate that these approaches can be implemented efficiently for large data sets in a fully Bayesian setting. We apply this model to a real cohort where patients suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with the outcome being the number of drugs taken, using healthcare utilization indicators and patient characteristics as covariates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The concept of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) has been studied over the last three decades using experiments, theoretical models, and more recently observational data. While theoretical models revealed that species richness is the best metric summarizing ecosystem functioning, it is clear that ecosystem function is explained by other variables besides species richness. Additionally, theoretical models rarely focus on more than one ecosystem function, limiting ecosystem functioning to biomass or production. There is a lack of theoretical background to verify how other components of biodiversity and species interactions support ecosystem functioning. Here, using simulations from a food web model based on a community assembly process and a trait-based approach, we test how species biodiversity, food web structure and predator-prey interactions determine several ecosystem functions (biomass, metabolism, production, and productivity). Our results demonstrate that the relationship between species richnessvational studies. We recommend that studies investigating links between biodiversity and ecosystem functions should include metrics of dominance, species composition, trophic structure and possibly environmental trait space. We also advise that more effort should be made into calculating several ecosystem functions and properties with data from natural multi-trophic systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.INTRODUCTION Our main objective was to evaluate whether antenatal corticosteroids increase the risk of small head circumference in children born at term. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether they increase the risk of small birthweight and birth length among those children. MATERIAL AND METHODS A historical cohort included 275 270 live term born children between 2000 and 2013 in 175 French maternity units. The rate of head circumference below the fifth percentile among children born at term and exposed to antenatal corticosteroids was compared with that of two unexposed groups those children born at term whose mothers had an episode of threatened preterm labour without corticosteroids and those whose mothers had neither threatened preterm labour nor corticosteroids. The association between this treatment and head circumference was evaluated by calculating adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The main outcome measure was a head circumference below the fifth percentile arence below the fifth percentile in children born at term. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.in English, German ZIELSETZUNG In der medizinischen und psychosozialen Gesundheitsversorgung Geflüchteter ist der Einsatz von DolmetscherInnen von grundlegender Bedeutung. Durch Einbeziehung eines Dolmetschers verschiebt sich das dyadische Behandler-Patienten-System zu einer Kommunikation in der Triade, für die entsprechende Verhaltensrichtlinien erforderlich sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Einbeziehung von DolmetscherInnen in die Sprechstunde der medizinischen und psychosozialen Ambulanz einer Erstaufnahmeeinrichtung für Geflüchtete des Landes Baden-Württemberg zu evaluieren. METHODE Es wurde eine systematische Erhebung mittels eines Beobachtungsbogens in N=75 Behandlungsfällen mit N=19 BehandlerInnen, N=27 DolmetscherInnen sowie N=75 PatientInnen vorgenommen. Erfasst wurden unter anderem die Sitzpositionen in der Triade, die Art der Verdolmetschung von DolmetscherInnen, die sprachliche Adressierung bzw. Blickrichtung von BehandlerInnen und PatientInnen während der Phasen der Sprachproduktion r die Arbeit von BehandlerInnen und DolmetscherInnen in der Geflüchtetenarbeit.in English, German Personen mit Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID) haben den starken Wunsch nach einer Amputation (BID-A) oder Lähmung (BID-L). Erkenntnisse über psychische Aspekte von BID basieren fast ausschließlich auf Selbstberichten. Diese Pilotstudie soll anhand experimenteller Paradigmen Erkenntnisse zu kognitiven und affektiven Prozessen, die über den Verbalbericht der Betroffenen hinausgehen, gewinnen. selleck chemicals llc Dafür wurden n=5 Personen mit BID-A, n=3 mit BID-L, n=22 psychisch gesunde Personen und n=8 Personen mit körperdysmorpher Störung (KDS, eine andere Gruppe mit starken Körpermodifikationswünschen) erhoben. Es wurde die selektive Aufmerksamkeit (Eyetracking-Paradigma), die Anfälligkeit für fehlerhafte Erinnerungen (DRM-Paradigma) und die affektive Nichtbeteiligung am unerwünschten Körperteil (Induzierung und Zerstörung einer Rubber-Hand/Foot-Illusion) untersucht. Im deskriptiven Vergleich blickten die hier teilnehmenden Personen mit BID-A schneller und länger auf abgebildete Amputationsstümpfe als alle anderen Gruppen und zeigten eine geringere Schreckreaktion auf die Zerstörung ihrer Körperillusion.