Background The off-label use of drugs to treat children is a global practice attributed to the traditional exclusion of children from clinical trials mainly due to practical and ethical reasons. Off-label drug use carries both benefits and risks, but data regarding this use pattern are scanty in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective To determine the incidence and predictors of off-label antibiotic use in children less than 5 years admitted at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in southwestern Uganda. Setting A prospective drug utilisation study was conducted among in-patients at the Paediatric Ward of MRRH from May to June 2019. Methods Clinical records and treatment notes of all children aged 0 to 59 months with at least one antibiotic prescription during the admission period were reviewed and included for data collection. Key informant interviews were conducted with physicians attending to patients in the Paediatric Ward. Main outcome measure Off-label use and potential predictors of off-label antibiotic useategory of off-label drug use, while off-label dose was the minor category. Age was a significant factor for off-label antibiotic prescription, with infants receiving the highest number of off-label prescriptions. Attending physicians identified several justifiable circumstances that warrant off-label antibiotic use and support emerging "well-founded" off-label uses of antibiotics in different paediatric age groups.Background Increasing evidence for the use of the aspirin in patients undergoing an orthopaedic surgery for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis has led to a change in the national guidelines substituting anticoagulants with aspirin. click here Little is known about the impact of such substitution on real-world outcomes from clinical practice. Objective The study was designed to examine clinical outcomes associated with the use of aspirin and apixaban. Setting Two large-scale general hospitals in West Yorkshire region of England. Method A 1-year observational study among adults who underwent elective knee replacements and received venous thromboembolism prophylaxis within the first 14 days post replacements. Main outcome measure The incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism, leaking wounds during the hospital stay, and 30-day any readmission for the two drugs. Results A total of 420 patients were included. There was a significant drop in apixaban prescribing (from 80.37 to 10.51%) and increase in aspirin use (from 19.02 to 81.71%) after the implementation of the revised guidelines. There were 52 (12.38%) cases of leaking wound, 16 (3.81%) cases of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 45 (10.71%) cases of 30-day readmission and no case of 30-day major bleeding. The leaking wounds and 30-day readmissions were almost twice more frequent in obese compared to non-obese patients. Multivariate logistic regression found an increased risk of leaking wound with apixaban and postoperative venous thromboembolism and 30-day readmission with aspirin use but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion The results suggest aspirin to be as effective as apixaban in preventing venous thromboembolism and readmission. Apixaban usage decreased with a corresponding increase in Aspirin use. The impact of obesity and length of hospital stay need further investigations. To determine FDG-PET biomarkers associated with long-term benefit (LTB) and survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving first-line immunotherapy. In this multicenter study, we retrospectively analyzed advanced NSCLC patients with a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50%, who underwent FDG-PET/CT before first-line pembrolizumab, received from August 2017 to September 2019. Parameters extracted were SUVmax, SUVmean, TMTV (total metabolic tumor volume) and TLG (total lesion glycolysis). LTB was defined as objective (complete or partial) response or stable disease as best overall response, maintained for ≥ 12months. A multivariate prediction model was developed using logistic regression for LTB and Cox models for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). On the 63 eligible patients, with a median follow-up of 13.4 (range, 1.5-29.1) months, 17 (27%) had LTB. Median PFS and OS were 7.7months (95%CI 5.0-10.5) and 12.1months (95%CI 8.6-15.6). In multivariate anast-line treatment options.Most of the works carried out on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) make reference to their physicochemical properties, and the analysis of their toxicological behavior on the environment and biodegradability are still limited. In this work, an exhaustive study on the ecotoxicity of three pure deep eutectic solvents (reline, glyceline, and ethaline) and their mixtures with water (reline-water, glyceline-water, and ethaline-water) was carried out in different biomodels bacteria (A. fisheri), crustaceans (D. magna), and algae (S. capricornatum). In addition, the amount of chlorophyll in the algae after exposure to the DESs was analyzed. Finally, the biodegradability of the studied DESs was also analyzed. The ecotoxic behavior strongly depends on both the biomodel tested and the presence of water in the mixture, resulting in low toxicities in all cases. Furthermore, most of the deep eutectic solvents studied can be considered readily biodegradable. A comparison of the ecotoxicity and biodegradability of these solvents under other conditions has also been provided, and a complete analysis is given.The failure of the centralized water supply system forced XY community to become more dependent on uncertain and unstable water sources. The results of surveying 50 households showed that 89.18% of total households depended on water collected from rivers, which contributed 58.3% of the total water volume used for the domestic demands. The average water volume consumed was 19.5 liters/person/day (l/p/d), and 86.5% of households used more than one source; 13.5% of households collected water only from rivers, and 45.94% of families had rainwater harvesting (RWH) for their activities (domestic water demand); however, RWH only provided 9.9% of total water consumption. In this study, basic methods were applied to calculate the storage tanks necessary to balance the water deficit created by drought months. Three levels of water demand (14, 20, and 30 l/p/d) can be the best choices for RWH; for a higher demand (40 and 60 l/p/d), small roof area (30-40 m2), and many people (six to seven) per family, RWH might be impractical because of unsuitable rainfall or excessively large storage tanks.