thors show early affection of brainstem reticular nuclei in non-paralyzed mice, and pathological white matter lesions in relation to the neuronal pathology.Long-term sequelae are major limitations of radiation therapy use, especially for childhood brain tumour. Circle of Willis irradiation strongly increases the long-term risk of stroke, but to establish dose-response relationship, anticipating long-term effects of new techniques, requires to perform accurate and reproducible dosimetric estimations in large cohorts of patients having received radiotherapy decades ago. For the accuracy of retrospective dose reconstruction, the topographic variability of the Circle of Willis arteries is crucial. In order to improve retrospective dosimetric studies and dose-volume estimates to the typical Circle of Willis arteries, we aim to study the inter-individual topographic variability of these structures. Thirty-eight time of flight MRI sequences of children aged 2-17 years in both genders were investigated. A region growth algorithm was used for the segmentation of the cerebral arteries. A rigid registration in a common skull was performed following the anatomy of skull base foramina. The Posterior clinoid processes of the sella turcica were used as reference landmark (R0), and 5 key landmarks were chosen in each segmented Circle of Willis, then distances between the 5 landmarks and R0 were calculated for each of the 38 subjects. The distance between R0 and each landmark of the Circle of Willis followed a normal distribution, the average values ranging from 13.6 to 17.0 mm, and the standard deviations ranged from 2.6 to 3.0 mm, i.e. less than a fifth of the average value. The perimeter of the Circle of Willis was longer in older subjects, this increase being isotropic. Our study shows a remarkably low topographic variability of the typical Circle of Willis. An important result, allowing reliable anthropomorphic phantoms-based retrospective estimations of the radiation doses delivered to these arterial structures during radiotherapy treatment.Complications of delirium and dementia increase mortality; however, it is difficult to diagnose delirium accurately, especially among dementia patients. The bispectral electroencephalography score can detect delirium and predict mortality in elderly patients. AK 7 cost We aimed to develop an efficient and reliable bispectral electroencephalography device for high-throughput screening. We also hypothesized that bispectral electroencephalography score can predict mortality among dementia patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2018 to measure bispectral electroencephalography from elderly patients and correlate with outcomes. A total of 502 elderly (55 years old or older) patients with and without dementia were enrolled. For a replication of the utility of bispectral electroencephalography, mortalities between bispectral electroencephalography-positive and bispectral electroencephalography-negative group were compared. In addition, patients with and without dementia status werneral, and even among dementia patients, as soon as 30 days.Background Canadian rugby coach injury prevention beliefs and attitudes have not been studied, yet are key to informing injury prevention strategy implementation. Despite neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up success in reducing injury, adoption of these programs is variable. Therefore, objectives of this study included (1) describing Canadian youth rugby coach injury prevention beliefs and attitudes and current warm-up practices and (2) evaluating intention to use a rugby-specific NMT warm-up. Methods High school rugby coaches completed a questionnaire before and after a rugby-specific NMT warm-up workshop. The pre-workshop questionnaire captured demographics, current warm-up practice, and NMT warm-up knowledge and use. Both questionnaires captured injury prevention beliefs, attitudes and behavioral intention. Results Forty-eight coaches participated in the workshops. Pre-workshop, 27% of coaches were aware of NMT warm-ups. Coaches primarily included aerobic and stretching components, while balance components were not common in their warm-ups over the past year. Additionally, 92% of coaches agreed to some extent they would "complete a rugby-specific warm-up program prior to every game and training session this season." Post-workshop, 86% of coaches agreed to some extent that they would use the program in every rugby session. No differences were observed between pre- and post-workshop intention to implement the warm-up (p = 0.10). Interpretation This is the first study to examine current Canadian youth rugby coach warm-up practices and intention to use NMT warm-ups. Canadian rugby coach intention to use a rugby-specific NMT warm-up is high, providing ample opportunity to investigate the efficacy of a NMT warm-up in youth rugby.Load is a multifactorial construct, but usually reduced to parameters of volume and intensity. In the last decades, other constructs have been proposed for assessing load, but also relying on relationships between volume and intensity. For example, Foster's Training Monotony has been used in athletes' load management simply by computing mean weekly load divided by its standard deviation, often multiplied by session rate of perceived exertion. Meanwhile, the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) has been debated by the sport scientists as a useful monitoring metric and related to so-called injury prevention. None of these models includes parameters that are representative of training specificity, namely load orientation. The aim of this study is to present broader conceptual approaches translated by new indices for assessing Intraweek Training Monotony (ITM) and Acute to Chronic Workload Index (ACWI) while incorporating load orientation, session duration and weekly density (frequency normalized) in addition tmparisons.To examine prevalence of verbal, physical, and sexual abuses in young elite athletes, a cross sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted during the World Athletics under 20 World Championships. This questionnaire aimed at distinguishing between abuses perpetrated in the context of Athletics from those which were unrelated to Athletics. Four hundred and eighty athletes (52.3%, male) from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania took part in the electronic anonymous survey. Outside Athletics setting, no gender difference was found for the prevalence of verbal, physical, and sexual abuses. However, 45 males (18% of the male population) and 34 females (15% of the female population) athletes reported sexual abuse. Asian athletes reported a slightly higher rate of sexual abuse; three quarters of them being non-touching abuses. Inside Athletics setting, no gender difference was found for the prevalence of verbal, physical, and non-touching sexual abuses. However, 58 males (23%) and 47 females (21%) reported verbal abuses.